Pharmacognosy: Shikimic Acid and Coumarins

<p>Condensed phenolic compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shikimic acid pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the starting material for synthesizing oseltamivir. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuraminidase inhibitor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Star anise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protection against microorganisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influenza viruses A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fermentation of genetically engineered E. coli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shikimate kinase gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the yield of shikimic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis of antiviral medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatotoxins and carcinogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspergillus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coumarin ring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver damage and cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High humidity and temperature in food storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psoralen (C), Limonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They interfere with liver and intestinal enzyme CYP3A4. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CYP3A4 is an enzyme involved in drug metabolism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grapefruit juice can increase the effects of certain medications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both extraction and fermentation methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic solvents-soluble (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aesculin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chorismic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-inflammatory effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aesculus hippocastanum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver toxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solanaceae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substituents on the benzene ring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anthranilic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A metabolic pathway for the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds, including coumarins, furanocoumarins, and chromones.

A class of aromatic plant compounds with specific chemical structures.

A type of coumarin with a furan ring.

Another group of plant-derived aromatic compounds related to coumarins.

The study of medicinal plants and their chemical constituents.

A biochemical intermediate used to make the antiviral drug Tamiflu.

An antiviral drug that inhibits neuraminidase, fighting flu.

A compound produced from shikimic acid for flu treatment.

A drug that blocks an enzyme important for flu virus spread.

Shikimic acid is a essential precursor for the production of Tamiflu

A common bacterium found in the intestines of humans and animals, often used in genetic engineering.

Modified strains of E. coli bacteria that were engineered to produce specific compounds, like shikimic acid.

A gene responsible for producing an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolic pathway for shikimic acid production.

Describes E. coli strains that lack the ability to produce the enzyme shikimate kinase, thereby inhibiting their normal production of shikimic acid.

A group of toxic compounds produced by the Aspergillus fungus. They can cause liver cancer and damage.

A toxin produced by a fungus.

A substance that damages the liver.

A part of the aflatoxin structure that contains a ring with double bonds.

It comes from the local Guyana name 'Coumarouna' for the seeds of Dipteryx odorata, also known as Tonka bean.

A common coumarin with a hydroxyl group (OH) at position 7 of the benzene ring.

A coumarin glucoside found in Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut), known for its anti-inflammatory properties.

Aescin, a mixture of saponins found in horse chestnut, has anti-inflammatory, vasoconstrictor, and vasoprotective effects.

An aromatic acid produced via the shikimic acid pathway, crucial for the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites in plants.

Cassia cinnamon contains high amounts of coumarin, which can cause liver toxicity and damage in large quantities.

Grapefruit juice inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme, which is crucial for drug metabolism in the liver and intestines.

A key enzyme in the liver and intestines that breaks down many medications.

A specific type of furanocoumarin found in grapefruit, known to inhibit CYP3A4.

Another potent furanocoumarin in grapefruit that also disrupts CYP3A4 activity.