59 Questions
What is the main function of lymph nodes?
Filtering lymph and removing unwanted substances
How are lymphoid organs differentiated from other lymphoid structures?
Presence of a complete capsule composed of dense irregular connective tissue
Where are lymph nodes typically located in the body?
Along the pathways of lymphatic vessels
Which secondary lymphoid structure includes a complete capsule?
Spleen
What is the approximate range of sizes for lymph nodes?
0.1 to 2.5 centimeters
Apart from lymph nodes, which structure also has an incomplete or absent capsule?
Tonsils
What is the purpose of the anatomic arrangement where the collective diameter of afferent lymphatic vessels is larger than the efferent lymphatic vessel?
To create a higher fluid pressure in the lymph node sinuses, forcing lymph through the node
What is the primary function of macrophages residing in the lymph nodes?
To remove foreign debris from the lymph by phagocytosis
How is lymph repeatedly screened for unwanted substances?
By passing through multiple lymph nodes in a cluster
What type of malignant neoplasm is a lymphoma?
A tumor that develops within lymphoid structures
Which type of lymphocyte is more commonly involved in the development of lymphoma?
B-lymphocytes
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom associated with lymphoma?
Increased appetite
What is the characteristic cell found in Hodgkin lymphoma?
Reed-Sternberg cell
Which age groups are most commonly affected by Hodgkin lymphoma?
Young adults (16-35) and elderly (over 60)
How does Hodgkin lymphoma typically progress?
It arises in a lymph node and spreads to other nearby lymph nodes
What is the primary treatment for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma?
Excision of the tumor, followed by radiation, chemotherapy, or both
How do non-Hodgkin lymphomas compare to Hodgkin lymphomas in terms of prevalence and aggressiveness?
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are more common, but some are aggressive while others are slow-growing
What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the context of the immune system?
They migrate from the skin and mucosal membranes to lymph nodes after phagocytosing foreign substances
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of tonsillitis?
Nausea
What is the medical term for the surgical removal of the tonsils?
Tonsillectomy
According to the medical guidelines mentioned in the text, when should a tonsillectomy be considered?
If the person has had 7 throat infections in 1 year, 5 infections per year for 2 years, or 3 infections per year for 3 years
What does the research mentioned in the text indicate about tonsillectomy?
It does not significantly affect the body's response to new infections
What is MALT?
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Where are Peyer patches located?
In the small intestine, primarily in the ileum
Which of the following statements about the location of the spleen is correct?
The spleen is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, inferior to the diaphragm and adjacent to ribs 9-11.
Which of the following statements about the size and shape of the spleen is correct?
The spleen is typically about 12 centimeters long and 7 centimeters wide, with a convex posterolateral aspect and a concave anteromedial border.
Where is the hilum of the spleen located?
The hilum is located on the concave anteromedial border (visceral surface) of the spleen.
Which blood vessel delivers blood to the spleen?
The splenic artery
What surrounds the spleen and extends into the organ?
A fibrous capsule and trabeculae
Which of the following statements about the microscopic structure of the spleen is correct?
The spleen has a red pulp and a white pulp.
What is the primary role of the lymphatic system in assisting the cardiovascular system?
Returning excess fluid from interstitial space to the blood
What function does the lymphatic system serve in aiding the immune system?
Participating in defending the body against harmful substances
Where is MALT primarily found in the body?
Mucosal linings of gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
How does the lymphatic system contribute to maintaining blood pressure?
By returning excess fluid from tissues to the blood
In what way does the lymphatic system support the immune system?
By participating in defending the body against harmful substances
What distinguishes Hodgkin lymphoma from non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the immune system?
Presentation of antigens to T cells
How does the aggressiveness of non-Hodgkin lymphomas typically compare to Hodgkin lymphomas?
The aggressiveness depends on the specific subtype
Which age groups are most commonly affected by Hodgkin lymphoma?
Young adults (ages 16-35) and people over 60
What is the typical treatment approach for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma?
Excision of the tumor, followed by radiation, chemotherapy, or both
Where do dendritic cells reside before migrating to lymph nodes?
Epithelial and connective tissue of the skin and mucosal membranes
Based on the anatomic arrangement described, what is the purpose of having a larger collective diameter for the afferent lymphatic vessels compared to the efferent lymphatic vessel?
It increases the fluid pressure in the lymph node sinuses, facilitating lymph flow through the node.
What is the primary role of macrophages residing in the lymph nodes?
To remove foreign debris from the lymph by phagocytosis.
What is the primary advantage of having lymph nodes arranged in clusters?
It enables repeated screening of lymph for unwanted substances.
According to the information provided, which type of lymphocyte is more commonly involved in the development of lymphoma?
B-lymphocytes
Which of the following is a common symptom associated with lymphoma, as mentioned in the text?
Night sweats
What is the primary reason for the continuous monitoring of lymph as it passes through lymph nodes?
To detect and remove foreign or pathogenic substances.
What is the primary function of NK cells?
To recognize and eliminate abnormal or infected cells
What is the primary function of the germinal centers within lymph nodes?
To facilitate the proliferation and maturation of B cells
What is the significance of swollen lymph nodes during an infection?
It is a sign of lymphocyte proliferation to fight the infection
What is the primary function of the spleen?
To filter blood and remove pathogens
What is the difference between white pulp and red pulp in the spleen?
White pulp contains lymphocytes, while red pulp filters blood
What is the role of macrophages in lymph nodes?
To monitor and remove foreign substances from lymph
What is the primary reason for performing a splenectomy (removal of the spleen)?
To treat a ruptured spleen resulting from abdominal injury
After a splenectomy, what is recommended to reduce the risk of serious infections?
Receiving vaccines against flu and pneumonia, and taking antibiotics
What function does the spleen perform during fetal development through the fifth month?
Produces red blood cells and other formed elements
What is the process called when the spleen reactivates its fetal function of producing formed elements under certain conditions?
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
Which part of the spleen is responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged red blood cells?
Red pulp
Which part of the spleen is primarily involved in the immune response and contains lymphocytes?
White pulp
Explore the characteristics and organization of secondary lymphoid structures, which house lymphocytes and other immune cells within a reticular connective tissue matrix. Learn about the differentiation between lymphoid organs and aggregates of lymphoid nodules.
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