unit 6
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the process of induction in second-language learning?

  • Learning a language through explicit explanation of rules in the learner's first language.
  • Memorizing vocabulary and phrases through repetition.
  • Self-discovery of grammatical rules by analyzing language exposure. (correct)
  • Improving pronunciation through practice of motor skills.

    • In second-language acquisition, which age group typically has the highest capacity for rote memorization important for vocabulary learning?

  • Adults over 18 years old.
  • Children under 7 years old. (correct)
  • Children between 7 and 12 years old.
  • Adolescents between 13 and 18 years old.

    • According to the chapter, why might adults find it challenging to achieve native-like pronunciation in a second language?

  • Adults have insufficient exposure to the language.
  • Decline in motor skills affecting control of speech articulators after age 12. (correct)
  • Cognitive decline prevents learning new sounds.
  • Adults have less motivation to learn new languages.

    • What is explication in the context of language learning?

    <p>Explaining grammatical structures in the learner's native language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not considered a basic psychological factor affecting second-language learning as discussed in the chapter?

    <p>Cultural background. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a natural language learning situation, why do young children often outperform adults?

    <p>They have better memory and more opportunities for language exposure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the critical period for second-language syntax acquisition is supported by the chapter?

    <p>Adults can learn second-language syntax to near-native levels without a critical age barrier. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does episodic memory play in second-language learning?

    <p>It associates language with specific situations to aid in syntax learning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might older children outperform adults in second-language classroom settings?

    <p>Their memory and motor skills are still relatively high compared to adults. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, which factor can help adults achieve native-like pronunciation in a second language despite age-related declines?

    <p>High motivation and intensive pronunciation training. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, which psychological factor remains relatively high in adults and aids in second-language learning through analysis?

    <p>Inductive intellectual processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In second-language acquisition, what is one reason young children may outperform adults in natural settings?

    <p>They have better memory and more exposure opportunities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social factor affects second-language learning by providing language exposure similar to first-language acquisition?

    <p>Natural situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term "parallel play," as used in the chapter, refers to:

    <p>Children playing alone but in the presence of other children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the chapter conclude about the critical period hypothesis regarding second-language syntax acquisition?

    <p>There is no critical age barrier; adults can learn syntax proficiently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is cited in the chapter as contributing to an adult's ability to achieve native-like pronunciation in a second language?

    <p>High motivation and intensive pronunciation training. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the chapter, "explicative processing" refers to:

    <p>Understanding language rules through explicit explanations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason adults may not benefit as much as children from natural language learning situations?

    <p>Adults often lack opportunities for meaningful interactions in the target language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, which age group is most likely to excel in a classroom language-learning environment?

    <p>Children between 7 and 12 years old. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements aligns with the chapter's findings about memory and second-language learning?

    <p>Memory declines with age, affecting vocabulary acquisition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the chapter suggest about the role of motivation in adult language learners?

    <p>High motivation can compensate for declines in other areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chapter, which age group is said to have a "Medium/High" level of Motor Skills?

    <p>Children 7 to 12. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why children under 7 might struggle in traditional language classrooms?

    <p>They have difficulty adjusting to group learning processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is inductive learning critical in natural language acquisition settings?

    <p>It allows learners to derive language rules from exposure and context. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason older children (7-12 years old) may have an advantage over adults in second-language pronunciation?

    <p>Their motor skills for articulation are still relatively flexible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, which learning situation is most beneficial for young children acquiring a second language?

    <p>Natural exposure in social contexts like play. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological factor is most associated with the ability to learn and retain new vocabulary in a second language?

    <p>Rote memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following implications can be drawn from the chapter regarding the design of language learning programs for adults?

    <p>Emphasis should be placed on explicit grammar instruction and pronunciation training. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chapter suggests that negative attitudes towards a language can have what effect on second-language acquisition?

    <p>It can impair memory and reduce language acquisition efficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the chapter indicate about the role of first language similarity in second-language acquisition?

    <p>It was not discussed as a significant factor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common belief about children learning a second language?

    <p>They are better than adults. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main factors affecting second-language acquisition?

    <p>Psychological and social (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does "explication" in language learning refer to?

    <p>Explaining language rules in the learner's native language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't a language be entirely learned through explication?

    <p>Not all language rules have been discovered and documented. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method young children use to acquire language?

    <p>Induction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is episodic memory's role in language learning?

    <p>Retaining context for language usage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to memory ability as children grow older?

    <p>It declines steadily after age 7. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following skills decline after the age of 12?

    <p>Motor skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language learning benefits from motivation in older children and adults?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do adults typically perform better than children in classroom settings?

    <p>They adapt well to formal learning environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is there evidence for a critical age for learning second-language syntax?

    <p>No, adults can achieve native-level syntax. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of induction for adult learners?

    <p>Induction requires extensive exposure and context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is episodic memory important in learning politeness structures?

    <p>It connects phrases to situational interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is explication less effective for younger children?

    <p>Their cognitive skills are not developed enough for abstract concepts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does attitude play in second-language learning?

    <p>A negative attitude can impair learning and focus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did studies find about late learners achieving accentless pronunciation?

    <p>It is possible with high motivation and training. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Induction in language learning

    Self-discovery of grammatical rules through language exposure.

    Best age for rote memorization

    Children under 7 have the highest capacity for rote memorization.

    Challenges for adults in pronunciation

    Motor skills decline after age 12, affecting pronunciation control.

    Explication in language learning

    Explaining grammatical structures in the learner's native language.

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    Psychological factors in language learning

    Intellectual processing, memory, and motor skills affect language acquisition.

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    Children's performance in language learning

    Young children outperform adults due to better memory and exposure opportunities.

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    Critical period for syntax acquisition

    No strict age cutoff; adults can learn syntax well.

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    Role of episodic memory

    Associates language with specific situations to aid learning.

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    Older children vs adults in class

    Older children perform better due to higher memory and motor skills.

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    Achieving native-like pronunciation

    High motivation and intensive training can help adults despite age-related declines.

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    Inductive intellectual processing

    High in adults, aiding in second language analysis and learning.

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    Language learning in natural situations

    Natural exposure assists young children's second language acquisition.

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    Parallel play definition

    Children play alone but near others, aiding social learning.

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    Memory and vocabulary acquisition

    Memory can decline with age, affecting vocabulary learning.

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    Attitude's impact on language acquisition

    Negative attitudes can impair language acquisition efficiency.

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    Induction's importance

    Induction enables learners to derive language rules from context.

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    Explicative processing

    Understanding language rules through explicit explanations.

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    Formal instruction for adults

    Programs should emphasize explicit grammar and pronunciation instruction.

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    Motor skills in children 7-12

    Children aged 7-12 demonstrate medium/high levels of motor skills.

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    Episodic memory in politeness structures

    Episodic memory connects phrases to context, aiding learning.

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    Limitations of explication for young learners

    Apprehension of abstract concepts makes explicative learning less effective.

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    Social factors in language acquisition

    Natural situations provide similar exposure to first-language acquisition.

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    Episodic memory's role in language learning

    Retains context to help remember language use and structures.

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    Factors preventing adult learning efficiency

    Adults often lack opportunities for meaningful interactions in target language.

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    Motivation in adult language learners

    High motivation can improve learning outcomes despite age-related declines.

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    Age group's classroom success

    Children between 7 to 12 years old typically excel in classroom language environments.

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    Impairment from negative attitudes

    Negative attitudes towards a language can hinder acquisition and memory efficiency.

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    First language similarity impact

    Not discussed as a significant factor influencing second language acquisition.

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    Children's strengths in language acquisition

    Children are generally believed to learn languages better than adults.

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    Study Notes

    Question 1

    • Induction in second-language learning involves learners discovering grammatical rules through analyzing language exposure.

    Question 2

    • Children under 7 years old have the highest capacity for rote memorization, which is important for vocabulary acquisition.

    Question 3

    • Adults may face challenges with native-like pronunciation due to declines in motor skills affecting speech articulators after age 12.

    Question 4

    • Explication in language learning involves explaining grammatical structures using the learner's native language.

    Question 5

    • Cultural background is not considered a basic psychological factor affecting second-language learning.

    Question 6

    • Young children often outperform adults in natural language learning situations because they have better memory and more opportunities for language exposure.

    Question 7

    • Adult learners can achieve near-native levels of second-language syntax without a critical age barrier.

    Question 8

    • Episodic memory plays a role in second-language learning by associating language with specific situations, aiding syntax learning.

    Question 9

    • Children ages 7-12 may outperform adults in second-language classrooms because they have higher memory and motor skills.

    Question 10

    • High motivation and intensive pronunciation training can help adults achieve native-like pronunciation in a second language, despite age-related declines.

    Question 11

    • Inductive intellectual processing is a psychological factor which remains relatively high in adults and aids second-language learning.

    Question 12

    • Greater memory and exposure opportunities are factors that can contribute to the success of younger second-language learners compared to adults.

    Question 13

    • Natural situations, like interactions with native speakers, provide exposure similar to first-language acquisition for second-language learning.

    Question 14

    • Parallel play refers to children playing alongside each other, even without direct interaction.

    Question 15

    • There is no critical age barrier for acquiring second-language syntax, allowing adults to achieve native-level proficiency.

    Question 16

    • High motivation and intensive pronunciation training are cited factors that help adults achieve native-like pronunciation in a second language.

    Question 17

    • The study notes do not contain a question 17.

    Question 18

    • Adults may not benefit as much from natural learning situations as children because of a lack of opportunities for meaningful interaction in the target language.

    Question 19

    • Children aged 7 to 12 are most likely to excel in classroom language learning environments.

    Question 20

    • Memory often declines with age, impacting vocabulary acquisition in adults.

    Question 21

    • Motivation, especially within the context of language learning, is a high-impact aspect for older learners. Adults with high motivation can compensate for cognitive declines as age increases.

    Question 22

    • Children aged 7-12 likely have a moderate to high level of motor skills related to speech articulation.

    Question 23

    • One reason children under 7 might struggle in traditional classrooms is their difficulty adjusting to group learning processes.

    Question 24

    • Inductive learning is important in natural language settings because learners derive language rules from context.

    Question 25

    • Older children (7-12) may have an advantage in second-language pronunciation due to their flexible motor skills for articulation.

    Question 26

    • Natural exposure in social contexts (like play) is beneficial for young children to acquire a second language.

    Question 27

    • Rote memory is strongly associated with the ability to learn and remember new vocabulary.

    Question 28

    • Negative attitudes toward a language can impair learning and focus.

    Question 29

    • Achieving accentless pronunciation in a second language is possible for adults with high motivation and training.

    Question 30

    • The role of first-language similarity in second-language learning was not discussed as a key factor.

    Question 1 (Page 8)

    • Children are often considered to have an advantage in second language learning compared to adults.

    Question 2 (Page 8)

    • Culture and emotional factors, as well as psychological and social factors, influence second language acquisition.

    Question 3 (Page 8)

    • Explication in language learning refers to explaining linguistic rules in the learner's native language.

    Question 4 (Page 8)

    • Language rules have not been fully discovered and documented, impacting their complete understanding and learning process

    Question 5 (Page 9)

    • Induction is the primary method young children use to acquire language

    Question 6 (Page 9)

    • Episodic memory plays a key role in contextualizing language for easier usage and recall.

    Question 7 (Page 9)

    • Memory ability gradually declines after the age of seven.

    Question 8 (Page 9)

    • Motor skills are one cognitive capability that gradually declines after the age of 12.

    Question 9 (Page 9)

    • Motivational and learning factors are important to effective language acquisition for older learners.

    Question 10 (Page 10)

    • Learners adapt faster to formal learning environments as they grow older

    Question 14 (Page 10)

    • Adults can acquire native-like second language syntax.

    Question 21 (Page 10)

    • Exposure and context are crucial aspects of an effective inductive methodology for language learning, especially for adults.

    Question 22 (Page 10)

    • Episodic memory connects learned phrases back to the situation for easier processing.

    Question 23 (Page 10)

    • Explication is less effective for younger learners due to the fact that they have not fully developed cognitive skills for abstract ideas.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in second-language acquisition, focusing on the differences between children and adults in language learning. It highlights factors such as memory capacity, pronunciation challenges, and the role of grammatical rule induction. Test your knowledge on how various age groups experience language learning!

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