Second Great Awakening Overview

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Questions and Answers

What are the three schools of thought regarding revival?

No repeated outpourings possible, revival guaranteed by human methods, biblical balance of divine sovereignty and human means.

List three characteristics of early revivals during the Second Great Awakening before new measures were introduced.

No special means used beyond preaching and prayer, God blessed ministries of ordinary pastors, orderly services without manufactured excitement.

Name three aspects of Taylor's New Haven Theology.

Rejected inherited depravity from Adam, sin consists only in voluntary choices, man has ability to repent and believe without regeneration.

List three problems that emerged with Methodist camp meetings.

Excessive emotionalism, physical manifestations viewed as proof of Spirit's work, introduction of altar calls. Signup and view all the answers

Identify three key differences between revival and revivalism.

Revival is a sovereign work of God vs. human-produced results, revival uses ordinary means vs. special techniques, revival focuses on God's timing vs. human scheduling. Signup and view all the answers

Did Charles Finney believe revival was a purely scientific result of using the right means?

True. Signup and view all the answers

Was the Second Great Awakening primarily led by extraordinary preachers like Whitefield?

False - It was carried out through many ordinary pastors whose ministries were unusually blessed. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the 'anxious bench' and its significance in revival history.

The 'anxious bench' was a designated place for individuals seeking spiritual assurance during revivals, highlighting a public response to personal conviction. Signup and view all the answers

Match the individuals with their contributions to revival movements:

John Sutcliffe = Proposed monthly prayer meetings for revival Jonathan Edwards = Authored 'Humble Attempt' John Wesley = Key figure in the Methodist movement Charles Finney = Promoter of revivalist techniques Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions related to revival discussions:

Marrow Controversy = Debate on the Auchterarder Creed Baptist revival = Movement sparked by prayer meetings in Yorkshire Legalism = Emphasis on rules in the Scottish church Free offer of the gospel = Invitation to salvation without prerequisites Signup and view all the answers

Match the locations with their significance in the context of revival:

Yorkshire = Site of a influential prayer movement among Baptists Scotland = Location of the Marrow Controversy Northamptonshire = Establishment of prayer meetings for revival London = Center of early Modern Baptist missions Signup and view all the answers

Match the revivals with their characteristics or outcomes:

Baptist revival = Contributed to missionary movement Second Great Awakening = Led by extraordinary preachers Methodist revival = Focus on personal piety and social reform Hebrides revival = Notable for lasting impact on communities Signup and view all the answers

Match the prominent ideas with their significance in revival history:

Importance of prayer = Catalyst for spiritual awakening Forsaking sin = Contentious issue explored in the Marrow Controversy Role of faith = Central theme in discussions following the Auchterarder Creed Outpouring of the Spirit = Desired result of collective prayer efforts Signup and view all the answers

Match the following issues that arose among early Particular Baptists after the Act of Toleration in 1689 with their corresponding descriptions:

Singing in worship = Debate over the appropriateness and style of worship music Closed/open communion = Disagreements on who should participate in the Eucharist Church polity = Differences in church governance and structure Baptism mode = Controversies regarding the mode and method of baptism Signup and view all the answers

Match the key figures of the Welsh Revival with their contributions:

Griffith Jones = Established Circulating Charity Schools Daniel Rowland = Powerful preacher converted under Griffith Jones Howell Harris = Established Trevecca school after his conversion in 1735 William Williams = Famous hymnwriter contributing to the revival Signup and view all the answers

Match the factors contributing to the decline of Particular Baptists in early 18th century England with their explanations:

Excessive inward focus = Prioritizing internal congregational life over outreach Controversies over singing = Disputes that distracted from core missions Influence of Hyper-Calvinism = A belief system that limited evangelistic zeal Opposition to emotional expressions = Resistance to passionate forms of worship and preaching Signup and view all the answers

Match Andrew Fuller's influences on Baptist life with their corresponding effects:

The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation = A significant theological work raising mission awareness Distinguishing ways of faith = Clarified concepts of belief and assurance Promoting duty to believe = Encouraged personal responsibility in faith Sending William Carey to India = Initiated the Baptist missionary movement abroad Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of Bristol Baptist Academy's training with their descriptions:

Emphasis on biblical languages = Focus on original texts for deeper understanding Used both Gill and Edwards = Incorporation of diverse theological perspectives Christ-centered preaching focus = Prioritizing Jesus in sermons and teachings Training influential pastors = Preparing leaders who shaped future Baptist churches Signup and view all the answers

Match the responses of Particular Baptists to the Evangelical Revival with their descriptions:

Immediate acceptance = Quickly embraced revival movements Initial enthusiasm = Showed interest initially but later distanced Stubbornly negative = Resisted any changes or new ideas Mixed but generally positive = Had varied reactions, some supportive of revival Signup and view all the answers

Match the true/false questions regarding Daniel Rowland and the Welsh revival with their correct answers:

Dismissed from Anglican church = True Influenced by English Methodism = False Signup and view all the answers

Match the short explanation question with its answer regarding William Grimshaw's influence:

Influenced revival of Particular Baptists = Converted future Baptist leaders like Crabtree and Sutcliffe Role in Anglicanism = Significantly impacted other denominations despite his own Signup and view all the answers

Match the factors contributing to the post-Revolutionary War spiritual decline in America with their descriptions:

Influence of French revolution and enlightenment philosophy = Encouraged rationalism and skepticism towards traditional beliefs Growth of deism and skepticism = Promoted a belief in a distant creator and questioned organized religion Rise of anti-Christian literature (especially Thomas Paine) = Challenged the authority and authenticity of Christian texts Political distractions = Diverted public attention away from spiritual matters Signup and view all the answers

Match the aspects of the 1857-58 revival with their significance:

Started with prayer meetings in New York = Became a grassroots movement across the cities Grew from 6 attendees to thousands daily = Indicated a widespread hunger for spiritual renewal Estimated one million converts added to churches = Signified a major turning point in American religious life Marked by prayer rather than famous preachers = Highlighted the communal and personal nature of faith Signup and view all the answers

Match the following revival movements with their characteristic features:

Second Great Awakening = Emphasized emotional conversion experiences Welsh Revival = Focused on intense prayer and local participation Canasteo Revival = Noted for the organizational efforts of local churches New York Revival = Characterized by a rapid increase in daily attendees Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical developments with their corresponding outcomes:

Prevalence of deism = Reduction in church attendance and traditional worship Rise of anti-Christian literature = Increased challenges to religious authority Political distractions post-Revolution = Decreased focus on spiritual matters in public life Revivals leading to conversions = Strengthened the missionary movement across countries Signup and view all the answers

Match individuals or concepts related to revival movements with their contributions:

Thomas Paine = Authored literature questioning Christian beliefs Charles Finney = Promoted revival techniques focused on human agency D.L. Moody = Spearheaded the evangelistic movement in the late 19th century John Wesley = Founded Methodism and emphasized personal piety Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their contributions to revival movements:

George Whitefield = Preached extensively in America and helped ignite the Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards = Led the revival at Northampton, resulting in numerous conversions Samuel Davies = Ministry to African Americans and established congregations in Virginia Thomas Charles = Described the revival in Wales marked by young people's emotional responses Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects of the Great Awakening in America with their descriptions:

Rise of lay preachers = Increased preaching by non-ordained members Baptist growth = Church growth from 25 to 312 congregations Strengthened democratic impulses = Encouraged individual decision-making in religious matters Increased emphasis on personal conversion = Focus on the individual's relationship with God Signup and view all the answers

Match the following locations with their significance in the context of revival:

Scotland = Home to significant revivals led by George Whitefield Virginia = Place of effective ministry by Samuel Davies to African Americans New Jersey = Site of the Dutch Reformed revival under Frelinghuysen Northampton = Location of Jonathan Edwards' influential revival ministry Signup and view all the answers

Match the following precursors to the Great Awakening with their corresponding descriptions:

Frelinghuysen = Dutch Reformed revivalist in New Jersey Tennent family = Presbyterian revivalists influencing the movement Jonathan Edwards = Known for his fiery sermons and conversions in Northampton Local awakenings = Grassroots religious revivals across various regions Signup and view all the answers

Match the following results of the Great Awakening with their respective outcomes:

New Congregational churches = 150 new churches were established Baptist expansion = Significant growth in Baptist congregations Presbyterian growth = Boosted numbers in Presbyterian and Reformed churches Emphasis on personal conversion = Heightened focus on individual spiritual experiences Signup and view all the answers

Match the following key figures with their notable influences during early revivals:

Wesley = Known for Methodist revival meetings and camp meetings Finney = Emphasized the scientific approach to revival techniques Rowland = Prominent preacher in the Welsh revival Griffith = Heralded as a significant figure during controversial periods Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of early revivals with their corresponding descriptions:

Emotional responses = Strong feelings among participants often marked revivals Community involvement = Revive collective faith and communal bonds Evangelistic fervor = Increased zeal for converting others to faith Personal testimonies = Stories of individual spiritual experiences shared publicly Signup and view all the answers

Match the following short explanations of revival conditions with their respective locations:

Northampton = Marked by political divisions and moral laxity among youth Scotland = Deteriorating relations over church polity among members Virginia = Efforts to establish congregations for African American communities Wales = A revival that sparked concerns among young people leading to spiritual movements Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Second Great Awakening Revival

Schools of Thought on Revival: Three perspectives on revival included: no repeated outpourings were possible; revival was guaranteed by human methods; and a biblical balance of divine sovereignty and human means.
Church Membership Growth: During the Second Great Awakening, church membership in America rose significantly, from 17% in 1776 to 34% in 1850.
Particular Baptists and the Evangelical Revival: Particular Baptists initially responded to the Evangelical Revival with stubborn negativity and aloofness.
Decline of Particular Baptists: The decline in early 18th century England was due to an excessive inward focus on congregational life, controversies over minor issues (like singing), Hyper-Calvinism and opposition to emotional expressions in religion.
Key Figures in the Welsh Revival: Griffith Jones, Daniel Rowland, Howell Harris, William Williams.
Independent Origin of Welsh Revival: The Welsh Revival developed independently of English Methodism.
Significant Welsh Revival Event (1857-58): The last widespread revival in America/Britain, starting with New York prayer meetings, with thousands attending daily, resulted in an estimated one million converts within two years, spreading to Britain before the American Civil War. This was primarily driven by prayer, rather than special techniques or famous preachers.

Characteristics of Early Revivals (Before "New Measures")

Means of Revival: No special methods beyond preaching and prayer were used. Ordinary pastors were blessed by God.
Service Style: Orderly services without artificial excitement were emphasized.
Focus of Revival: Deep conviction of sin was sought rather than emotional manipulation.

Taylor's New Haven Theology

Inherited Depravity: Rejected the concept of inherited depravity from Adam.
Sin's Nature: Sin was understood as only voluntary choices.
Human Ability: Individuals possessed the ability to repent and believe without prior regeneration.
Atonement Theory: Endorsed the governmental theory of atonement.

Problems with Methodist Camp Meetings

Emotionalism: Excessive emotionalism was a recurring issue.
Spiritual Manifestations: Physical manifestations of the spirit were sometimes incorrectly interpreted as proof of God's work.
Altar Calls: Introducing altar calls, which involved public expressions of faith, became a common practice.
Conversion Counting: Emphasis on counting conversions became problematic.
Arminian Influence: Growing Arminian influence (emphasis on free will) in Methodism contributed to the issues.

Revival vs. Revivalism

Source: Revival is a sovereign work of God; revivalism focuses on human-produced results.
Means: Revival uses ordinary means; revivalism employs special techniques and methods.
Timing: Revival emphasizes God's timing; revivalism focuses on human-determined schedules.
Depth: Revival emphasizes genuine conversion; revivalism often emphasizes immediate decisions or commitments.

Charles Finney's Beliefs

Revival as Science: Finney believed revival was a practical and scientifically possible outcome of using the right methods.
Second Great Awakening Leadership: The Second Great Awakening was not solely led by extraordinary preachers like Whitefield; many ordinary pastors were instrumental.
Anxious Bench: The anxious bench was a front pew/area in churches where individuals experiencing conviction of sin would come forward during services. It helped establish altar calls and put public pressure on individuals seeking conversion in American evangelicalism.

Finney's View of Atonement

Governmental Theory: Finney rejected the penal substitutionary view of the atonement in favor of the governmental theory. He taught that Christ's death was a public demonstration of God's hatred of sin, to make forgiveness possible.

Bristol Baptist Academy

Training Focus: Strong emphasis on biblical languages, Gill and Edwards, Christ-centered preaching.

Andrew Fuller's Influence

Promoted the duty of all to believe.
Helped send William Carey to India, influential in missionary movement.
Distinguished between ways of faith and warrants of faith.
Wrote "The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation."

William Grimshaw

Influence: Though Anglican, Grimshaw influenced Baptist leaders like William Crabtree and John Sutcliffe through a prayer movement in Yorkshire sparking revival among Baptists.

The Marrow Controversy

Significance: Controversy focused on teaching that forsaking sin is necessary before coming to Christ revealing legalistic tendencies leading to discussions on faith and repentance, free offer of the gospel.
Origin: The "Auchterarder Creed" was a starting point for the debate.

John Sutcliffe's Prayer Meetings (1784)

Significance: Inspired by Jonathan Edwards' "Humble Attempt," Sutcliffe established monthly prayer meetings which influenced the Northamptonshire Association and led to further revival among Baptists.
Impact: Led to regular prayer meetings for spiritual outpouring, reviving Baptist churches and influencing the missionary movement.

Early Particular Baptists After 1689

Issues: Controversies centred on singing in worship and closed/open communion.
Daniel Rowland (Anglican Dismissal): Rowland was dismissed from the Anglican church for his revival ministry.

Summary of Events from Exam Questions

William Harris's Controversy End: The death of Madam Sidney Griffith marked the end of William Harris's period of controversy and confusion.
Thomas Charles's Bala Revival Characteristics: The revival at Bala was characterized by widespread spiritual concern, strong emotional responses, and significant involvement of young people.
Precursors to American Great Awakening: The Dutch Reformed revival under Frelinghuysen, Presbyterian revival through the Tennent family, Jonathan Edwards' ministry, and local awakenings across various regions.
Samuel Davies Revival in Virginia: Trained at Fagg's Manor, Davies led a ministry effective with African Americans, establishing 6 congregations and serving brief presidency at Princeton.
Great Awakening Aftermath in America: 150 new Congregational churches, Baptist growth from 25 to 312 churches, increased Presbyterian and Reformed growth, strengthening democratic impulses, increased emphasis on personal conversion, and the rise of lay preachers.
Whitefield's Scottish Ministry effects: 14 trips; many conversions; fueled new spiritual life in Church of Scotland evangelicals; groundwork for future Free Church movement.
Northampton Conditions: Political divisions (court vs. country), lax morals in youth due to economic issues delaying marriage, and a general spiritual decline.
Post-Revolutionary War Decline Causes: Enlightenment philosophy's influence, deism and skepticism's rise, increase in anti-Christian literature, religious controversies, and political distractions.

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Description

Explore the key themes and characteristics of the Second Great Awakening. This quiz covers various perspectives on revival, church growth in America, and key theological points from Taylor's New Haven Theology. Test your understanding of this pivotal movement in American religious history.