The Second Great Awakening

Second Great Awakening

• A national religious revival that surpassed the first in the number of conversions.
• Influenced moral movements, including prison reform, temperance, and anti-slavery advocacy.

Revival

• Emotional religious gatherings lasting several days, designed to renew faith and commitment.

Charles Grandison Finney

• Key figure in the revivalist movement, emphasizing individual responsibility in seeking salvation.

Revivalist Movement

• Focused on personal and societal change, stressing that individuals could actively seek salvation.

Richard Allen

• Founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, which became vital for African American political, cultural, and social life.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

• New England writer and philosopher associated with transcendentalism, promoting self-reliance and individual truth.

Transcendentalism

• Belief in finding truth through nature and personal experiences, highlighting individual dignity and social change.

Henry David Thoreau

• Authored "Walden," a work that emphasized self-reliance through solitary living for two years.

Civil Disobedience

• Philosophy advocating for peaceful protest against unjust laws, encouraging moral responsibility.

Unitarian Movement

• Spiritual movement prioritizing reason over emotion, emphasizing rational understanding of faith.

Utopian Communities

• Experimental communities aimed at achieving ideal living environments, though none were ultimately successful.

Dorothea Dix

• Rights activist for mentally ill patients, instrumental in establishing the first wave of mental asylums in the U.S.

Abolition

• The movement aimed at ending slavery in the United States.

William Lloyd Garrison

• Prominent abolitionist known for publishing "The Liberator," advocating for immediate emancipation of slaves.

Emancipation

• The act of freeing individuals from enslavement.

David Walker

• A free African American who advocated for fighting against slavery and encouraged resistance from within.

Frederick Douglass

• Former slave and leading abolitionist; advocated for emancipation through nonviolent means and founded "The North Star" newspaper.

Nat Turner

• Enslaved Virginian who led a violent rebellion against slaveholding in 1831, highlighting tensions in the South.

Antebellum

• Term referring to the period before the Civil War.

Gag Rule

• Legislative rule allowing the limitation or prohibition of debate on particular issues, often related to slavery.

Cult of Domesticity

• Social norms emphasizing women's roles as homemakers and caregivers, promoting restricted societal participation.

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

• Influential figures within the abolitionist movement, advocating for both abolition and women's rights.

Temperance Movement

• Social movement aimed at prohibiting alcohol consumption, promoting moderation and health.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Leading advocate for women’s rights; organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott, focusing on suffrage and equality.

Seneca Falls Convention

• Landmark women’s rights convention held in New York with over 300 attendees, producing the "Declaration of Sentiments" advocating for women’s rights.

Sojourner Truth

• Former enslaved woman who became a prominent advocate for both abolition and women's rights through powerful speeches.

Cottage Industry

• Manufacturing system where materials provided by manufacturers were used by workers at home to create goods.

Artisan-Made

• Goods that families could not produce independently; examples include furniture and tools made by skilled artisans.

Master

• An experienced artisan who owned a business and hired employees to carry out work.

Journeyman

• Skilled worker who has completed an apprenticeship and is employed by a master.

Apprentice

• Individual learning a trade or craft under the guidance of a master craftsman.

Strike

• Work stoppage initiated to pressure employers into meeting specific demands from workers.

National Trades' Union

• Formed in 1834, this coalition of labor unions sought to amplify workers' power and influence.

Amelia Bloomer

• Advocate for women's rights and temperance who promoted more functional women’s clothing through her publication "The Lily."

Lucretia Mott

• Quaker abolitionist who co-organized the first women’s rights convention in 1848 after facing discrimination at an anti-slavery event.