S&T chapter 6 part 1

Questions and Answers

In which situation is shelter-in-place considered the most appropriate option?

When the outside air quality is safe

When the emergency path is unpredictable (correct)

When evacuation can be completed within 30 minutes

When the building is undergoing routine maintenance

What is one of the advantages of shelter-in-place?

It guarantees safety against all emergencies

It allows for extensive preparation time

It provides immediate protection from outside contaminants (correct)

It requires evacuation to a nearby facility

Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when deciding on shelter-in-place?

Building integrity and ventilation system

Availability of emergency kits (correct)

Type and amount of contaminant

Duration of the event

What is the first step in the in-place sheltering process?

Close all outside doors and windows Signup and view all the answers

What kind of emergencies is shelter-in-place used for?

Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear contamination Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario indicates a fire originating in the basement?

Smoke rising through the main level. Signup and view all the answers

What might unevenly broken windows indicate about a fire situation?

A possible explosion or rapid pressure change. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a fire behavior indicator seen from outside?

Fire icon in the attic. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fire situations, what does smoke rising from the eaves suggest?

There is a significant risk of fire spread. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the house is associated with the highest risk of fire damage based on the diagrams?

Attic, where fire and smoke are indicated. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting a secondary search after a fire is controlled?

To ensure all occupants have been accounted for Signup and view all the answers

Why should different personnel conduct the secondary search?

They provide fresh perspectives on missed areas Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is essential for personnel during a secondary search, regardless of building appearance?

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) Signup and view all the answers

In the oriented-search method, where does the team leader remain during the search?

At the door, wall, or hoseline Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the wide-area search method?

It utilizes dedicated search lines Signup and view all the answers

What role does the incident commander (IC) play in the search process?

Evaluates conditions and assigns resources for searches Signup and view all the answers

How should search teams report their progress to the IC?

As frequently as possible without disrupting the search Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for the successful coordination of multiple search teams?

The search team leader coordinating efforts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of SCBA in exposure protection?

It provides the highest level of respiratory protection. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when planning a victim removal operation?

The immediate life-threatening conditions must be assessed. Signup and view all the answers

Which protective gear provides the highest level of dermal protection?

Total encapsulating suits Signup and view all the answers

In a combined space entry, what is a critical action prior to entry?

Check for the presence of flammable gases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of continuous ventilation in a combined space?

To ensure a supply of fresh air. Signup and view all the answers

In which zone are personnel allowed direct access without PPE?

Support Zone Signup and view all the answers

Why is the assessment of wind direction critical at a hazardous incident?

To assess which approach is safest. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of air monitoring should be performed continuously in a confined space?

Oxygen, flammable gases, and toxic substances. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the Exclusion Zone?

It is an area of direct contamination. Signup and view all the answers

How should the decontamination corridor be arranged?

In a manner that does not interfere with clean areas. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT directly assessed when determining the most effective extinguishment method?

Smoke color Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did the LAFD implement after the 2018 roof collapse incident?

An All-Hazard Emergency Decision-Making process Signup and view all the answers

In a direct attack, what is the primary goal of using a solid or straight stream?

To efficiently apply water or foam on fuel-controlled fires Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor the Incident Commander must consider when opting for a direct attack?

Public awareness of the fire Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cyclical' refer to in the context of operational risk management during an incident?

The continuous evaluation process throughout an incident Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence fire spread?

Material color of exposed structures Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary method for protecting exterior exposures during a fire?

Using foam extinguishing agents on adjacent structures Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Incident Commander (IC) play in managing exposure protection?

Assigning resources for investigation and isolation Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy can help control interior exposures in a building during a fire?

Closing doors between the fire area and unaffected areas Signup and view all the answers

What is an active means of managing exterior exposures during a fire?

Relocating exposed equipment and materials Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of fire suppression systems?

Monitoring public sentiment Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using positive pressure ventilation in interior fire control?

To isolate the fire to one area Signup and view all the answers

During a fast-moving ground cover fire, what is the recommended action for personnel?

Remove endangered persons and property Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following considerations is crucial when determining exposure protection?

Evaluating the location and type of exposure Signup and view all the answers

What type of barriers can be used to control fire spread?

Passive and active barriers Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Search and Rescue Tactics

Shelter-in-Place: A defensive strategy used when evacuation is impossible, emergency paths are unpredictable, or time is insufficient; applicable during various contaminants or threats.
Advantages: Protection from external hazards, fast implementation, and stability in familiar surroundings.
Considerations: Type of contaminant, building integrity, duration of exposure, and local guidelines govern the decision to shelter-in-place.
Execution Steps: Involves sealing all exits, deactivating ventilation systems, and closing fireplace dampers to minimize outside air entry.

Fire Search Methods

Primary vs. Secondary Searches: After containing a fire, a secondary search is conducted with fresh personnel, utilizing a systematic approach to locate any remaining occupants.
Initial Conditions Assessment: The Incident Commander (IC) evaluates the building’s safety before committing crews to secondary searches; personnel must wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) despite visible smoke.
Search Techniques:
- Teams maintain communication, and the search must be methodical to avoid missed areas.
- Directing using hoselines ensures safety and support during searches.

Oriented Search Method

Anchoring Strategy: The team leader anchors to a point while other members spread out to conduct searches in separate rooms, enabling better coordination and communication.

Exterior Exposure Control

Factors Influencing Fire Spread: Location and size of fires, building construction, vegetation, and proximity of structures.
Exposure Protection Tactics: Utilize size-up assessments, evacuate dangerous structures, and coordinate ventilation efforts during firefighting to limit exposure risks.

Fire Suppression Operations

Strategic Fire Attacks:
- Direct Attack: Most effective for fuel-controlled fires, applying water or foam directly to burning areas.
- Indirect Attack: Involves cooling smoke layers and the compartment's linings to suppress fire without direct application.
- Combination Attack: Utilizes both direct and indirect methods concurrently to maximize extinguishment effectiveness.
- Transitional Attack: Begins with controlling visible fire from outside to improve internal conditions before interior firefighting starts.

Cultural Shift in Firefighting Tactics

2018 LAFD Incident: Following a roof collapse incident revealing the need for tactical reassessment, LAFD improved operational risk evaluations, integrating an emergency decision-making model.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Considerations

Types: Level B protection for skin and inhalation hazards; SCBA for maximum respiratory safety in hazardous environments.
Confined Space Protocols: Continuous monitoring and adequate ventilation are crucial while entering potential confined spaces.

Victim Removal Guidelines

Prioritize rapid and safe removal of victims from hazardous areas; strategies must be planned meticulously to minimize risk for rescue personnel.

Importance of Wind Direction

Understanding wind direction is essential during hazardous incidents to determine safe operational approaches and strategies.

Multiple Choice Questions (Sample)

Focus on the correct interpretation of PPE levels and the use of AP respiratory protection within IDLH environments.

Flying Embers

Recognize the hazards posed by flying embers which can ignite flammable materials and structures nearby, necessitating vigilant management of fire spread.

Training and Preparation

Firefighting tactics emphasize systematic approaches to ensure efficient and safe operations in life-threatening situations, focusing on expanding knowledge and application of protective strategies.### Fireground Communication and Size-up
First-arriving companies should conduct a comprehensive 360-degree size-up to assess the fire's location, size, and extent.
Conducting the size-up is crucial for effective fireground communication and strategy implementation.

Transitional Attack Approach

Initial knockdown may be faster when deploying a line to the structure's exterior rather than an interior attack.
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) research emphasizes immediate water introduction to the environment during firefighting operations.
Proper stream introduction enhances the efficacy of the transitional fast attack approach.
Streams should be solid or straight, hitting the ceiling at a steep angle for optimal water distribution.

Cooling Techniques

Radiant heat management is essential; cooling techniques mitigate risks of flashover or rapid fire spread.
Surface cooling reduces smoke temperature and flammability, enhancing safety for interior progress.

Surface Cooling

Utilizes a solid or straight stream pattern directed at hot compartment surfaces.
Cooling of the surfaces reduces heat radiation and allows thermal energy absorption from hot smoke.
Water deflection from the ceiling cools gases as droplets travel through heated layers, converting to steam which absorbs additional thermal energy.

Gas Cooling

Employs a fog pattern to create small water droplets for spraying into smoke volumes.
Short bursts of water averted from hot surfaces lead to steam conversion, which reduces smoke temperature and dilutes flammability.
Effective door control and fog usage eliminate combustion risks in targeted areas.

Master Stream Utilization

Master streams reach areas unsafe for handlines or where they are ineffective.
Fog streams cover larger areas for cooling, but solid streams have greater reach and penetration.
Positioning of master stream devices is critical; effective operation may be hindered by setup time.
Water accumulation from master streams can compromise structural integrity, heightening collapse risks.
Two firefighters are required for deploying master streams; additional personnel can expedite the process.
Elevated master streams can target upper building stories, facilitating direct fire attacks or acting as water supply sources.

Confinement

Confinement tactics aim to prevent fire spread, utilizing size-up data, building knowledge, and smoke behavior indicators.
Smoke characteristics can reveal the fire's location; for instance, pressure-exiting smoke may indicate fire proximity and behavior.

Extinguishment

Applying extinguishing agents directly to the seat of the fire is a natural continuation of confinement tactics.
Prioritizing extinguishment, even in unoccupied structures, is critical for hazard removal, facilitating rescue efforts.

Additional Information

UL continues to research topics like water mapping and distribution methods, with updates accessible on their website.

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Description

Test your knowledge on essential search and rescue tactics including shelter-in-place strategies and fire search methodologies. This quiz covers advantages and execution steps for effective rescue operations, as well as techniques for conducting primary and secondary searches after a fire incident.