History of English-Scottish Rivalry

Study Notes

In AD 122, Emperor Hadrian built Hadrian's Wall, separating England from the Caledonian tribes of Scotland that the Roman forces couldn't control.
In 1072, William of Normandy invaded Scotland, defeated King Malcolm III, and forced him to hand over his son Duncan as a hostage.
In 1296, King Edward I of England invaded Scotland, overthrowing King John, leading to William Wallace's uprising and the Battle of Stirling Bridge.
William Wallace ruled Scotland as Guardian of the Realm until 1305, when he was captured and executed for treason by the English.

In 1314, Robert the Bruce defeated King Edward II of England at the Battle of Bannockburn, securing Scotland's independence.
Scotland had to wait until 1328 for official English recognition, when King Edward III signed the Treaty of Northampton.

In 1512, Scotland formed an alliance with France, and when Henry VIII attacked France, Scotland's King James IV invaded England, but was killed at the Battle of Flodden Field.
In 1587, Mary, Queen of Scots was executed for treason on the orders of Queen Elizabeth I.

In 1603, King James VI of Scotland inherited the English crown, bringing the two countries together under one monarch.
In 1707, the Act of Union brought the English and Scottish parliaments together, creating the new state of Great Britain.

In 1745, Bonnie Prince Charlie led a Jacobite army, which was initially successful but ultimately defeated at the Battle of Culloden by the English force led by the Duke of Cumberland.
The English performed the Highland Clearances in the 18th and 19th centuries, evicting Scottish tenants to clear land for sheep, cattle, and mining.

In 1872, the first official international football match was played between England and Scotland, ending 0-0.
In 1934, the Scottish Nationalist Party (SNP) was formed.
During Margaret Thatcher's tenure as Prime Minister, Scotland lost one-fifth of its workforce in the first two years, as state subsidies were pulled from the mining, steel, and textile industries.