Scientific Understanding of Behavior

<p>They can be influenced by cognitive and motivational biases, leading to incorrect conclusions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The focus on two events that stand out and occur together, leading to an incorrect correlation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relying on personal intuition and anecdotal evidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that the cause happens before the effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Applied research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand why a behavior occurs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often need to be discarded or revised. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Applied research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basic research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess social reforms and innovations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Applied research is often guided by basic research, and findings in applied settings often spur more basic research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They all use scientific methods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporal precedence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is necessary to advance science and can ultimately prove very useful. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evidence based on anecdotes and testimonials rather than scientific data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prediction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effect is present only when the cause is present. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independently verify the 'scientific' evidence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elimination of alternative explanations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To whom can we generalize the results? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Are women more likely to seek medical attention when feeling ill, compared to men? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Claims based only on confirmatory evidence, ignoring conflicting evidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate the validity and reliability of the findings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That the rise in ice cream sales always precedes the increase in crime. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improvements occurred only <em>after</em> the program started and not because of other factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conduct an Internet search for supportive evidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Probabilistic relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establish a relationship where one variable directly influences another. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independent replication increases confidence in the original findings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scientific skepticism requires ideas to be evaluated through logic and empirical evidence, not just the prestige of the source. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can serve as potential sources of ideas about behavior, but those ideas must be tested empirically. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data plays a crucial role. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A good scientific theory should be capable of being shown to be false through scientific methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It judges the merit of research through evaluation by experts, improving the quality and credibility of published work. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides an objective set of rules for gathering, evaluating, and reporting observations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Considering whether the opinion can be tested scientifically or whether scientific evidence relates to the opinion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Design experiments to test the theory, collect data, and subject the findings to peer review. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Systematic approaches used to gather and analyze data.

A method of learning that relies on empirical evidence and systematic observation.

Methods that claim to be scientific but lack empirical support.

Description, prediction, causation, and explanation of behavior.

Temporal order, covariation of cause and effect, and elimination of alternatives.

Study aimed at increasing fundamental knowledge.

Study aimed at solving practical problems.

Cognitive bias where people perceive a relationship between two events that are not actually related.

Persuasion by trustworthy figures like experts or celebrities.

Knowledge derived from observations and data collection.

Evaluation of ideas based on logic and scientific evidence.

Principle that theories must be testable and disprovable.

Process where other scientists evaluate research for credibility.

Scientific inquiry involves debate and challenge among scientists.

In science, data is crucial for forming conclusions.

Science follows established methods for unbiased observation and reporting.

Doubt regarding the truth of something; questioning claims.

Seemingly scientific claims lacking scientific validity.

Signs that a claim is unscientific, like untestable claims.

Evidence based on personal accounts rather than scientific data.

Evidence that supports a claim while ignoring conflicting evidence.

Applying study results to broader contexts or populations.

Identifying whether a study describes, predicts, determines cause, or explains.

Confidence in the research findings based on methodology and results.

Observing and describing how events relate to one another.

Making forecasts based on observed relationships between events.

Determining causes of behavior using specific evidence.

The cause must occur before the effect in time.

When the cause is present, the effect occurs; when absent, it doesn't.

Ensuring no other explanations can account for the behavior.

Goals are description, prediction, causation, and understanding.

Predictions based on likelihood, not certainties.

The goal of science is to understand why behaviors occur.

Assessment of social reforms in education and government.

Applied research often guided by findings from basic research.

Basic research advances science and can benefit society in unforeseen ways.

All researchers use structured methods regardless of research type.

New findings lead to new questions, revising past explanations.