Scientific Thinking Principles Quiz
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Questions and Answers

According to the text, what is psychology?

  • The scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior (correct)
  • The systematic method to generate knowledge
  • The process of building a body of evidence
  • The application of psychological research findings to problem-solving

    • Which of the following theoretical perspectives in psychology was developed by Jean Piaget?

  • Behaviorism
  • Structuralism
  • Cognitivism (correct)
  • Functionalism

    • Who established the first psychology lab in 1879?

  • William James (correct)
  • Charles Darwin
  • John Watson
  • Sigmund Freud

    • Which approach rejected introspection and focused on observable behavior?

    <p>Behaviourism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach aimed to understand the mental processes underlying thinking in various contexts?

    <p>Cognitivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach focused on uncovering internal (unconscious) processes that we are unaware of?

    <p>Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Sir Francis Galton?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of eugenics?

    <p>To improve the genetic quality of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the statistical concept of correlation?

    <p>The association of two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of structuralism?

    <p>To identify the basic elements/structure of psychological experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of pseudoscience?

    <p>Exaggerated claims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which logical fallacy is committed when someone assumes that a claim is correct because many people believe it?

    <p>Bandwagon Fallacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main danger of pseudoscience?

    <p>Opportunity cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of scientific skepticism?

    <p>Evaluating claims with an open mind and insisting on persuasive evidence before acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pseudoscience?

    <p>Relies on empirical evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theoretical perspectives in psychology focuses on uncovering internal (unconscious) processes that we are unaware of?

    <p>Psychodynamic Theory (of Freud)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Sir Francis Galton?

    <p>He developed the concept of correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a trend in the development of psychology?

    <p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a field of psychology?

    <p>Chemical Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a level of analysis in psychology?

    <p>Psychodynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main danger of pseudoscience?

    <p>Misleading the public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a difficulty in predicting human behavior, according to the text?

    <p>Psychological differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of pseudoscience, according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the tendency to see patterns in meaningless data?

    <p>Patternicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which logical fallacy is committed when someone assumes that a claim is correct because it has been around for a long time?

    <p>Argument from antiquity fallacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the tendency to stick to initial beliefs despite contradicting evidence?

    <p>Belief perseverance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a logical fallacy to avoid when evaluating psychological claims, according to the text?

    <p>Bias blind spot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the tendency to seek evidence that supports our beliefs and deny contradicting evidence?

    <p>Confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who established the first psychology lab in 1879?

    <p>William James</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach rejected introspection and focused on observable behavior?

    <p>Behaviourism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of structuralism?

    <p>To break down consciousness into elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach aimed to understand the mental processes underlying thinking in a variety of contexts?

    <p>Cognitivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is psychology?

    <p>The study of mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach focused on uncovering internal (unconscious) processes that we are unaware of?

    <p>Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of cognitive psychology?

    <p>To study the mental processes underlying thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach rejected introspection and focused on the ongoing conscious functions of processes?

    <p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main difference between monism and dualism?

    <p>Monism believes that the mind is not separate from the body, while dualism believes that the mind is separate from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main difference between nativism and empiricism?

    <p>Nativism believes that learning occurs through innate predispositions, while empiricism believes that learning occurs through associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main focus of eugenics?

    <p>To improve genetic quality of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the statistical concept of correlation?

    <p>The association of two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main aim of structuralism?

    <p>To identify the basic elements or structure of psychological experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main focus of the theoretical perspective of behaviorism?

    <p>To understand the mental processes underlying thinking in various contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychology is the scientific study of the mind, brain, and ______.

    <p>behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal of psychological research is to understand human ______.

    <p>behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Historical roots of psychology can be traced back to ______.

    <p>philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, are we born with our abilities or do we ______ them (by learning)?

    <p>acquire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the theory of specific nerve ______?

    <p>energies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the method of looking at existing brain ______?

    <p>damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe the belief that we are born as a blank sheet and experiences shape our abilities/qualities?

    <p>Tabula Rasa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Structuralism studies the ______/elements of the mind/consciousness

    <p>structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functionalism is more concerned with ongoing consciousness and functions of processes rather than ______

    <p>structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behaviourism focuses on external ______ elements

    <p>observable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitivism aims to understand the mental processes underlying ______ in a variety of contexts

    <p>thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychology Definition and Scope

    • Psychology is the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior.
    • The goal of psychological research is to understand human behavior, abilities, and experiences.
    • Historical roots can be traced back to philosophy and biology.

    Theoretical Perspectives

    • Cognitive psychology aims to understand mental processes underlying thinking in various contexts.
    • Behaviorism rejected introspection, focusing exclusively on observable behaviors.
    • Structuralism seeks to study the structures or elements of the mind and consciousness.
    • Psychoanalytic theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, focuses on uncovering internal (unconscious) processes.

    Important Figures in Psychology

    • Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology lab in 1879, marking the birth of modern psychology.
    • Sir Francis Galton is noted for contributions to psychology, including statistical studies of human differences.

    Eugenics and Its Purpose

    • Eugenics aims to improve the genetic quality of a population through selective breeding and reproductive control, often criticized for its ethical implications and historical misuse.

    Statistical Concepts

    • Correlation is a statistical measure indicating the extent to which two variables fluctuate together.
    • The theory of specific nerve energies explains how different sensory neurons convey specific types of information.

    Methodologies and Research

    • Existing brain imaging methods allow researchers to study brain structure and function.
    • The concept of the mind as a "blank sheet" suggests experiences shape abilities and qualities (empiricism).

    Cognitive Dissonance and Logical Fallacies

    • The tendency to see patterns in meaningless data reflects cognitive biases.
    • Confirmation bias describes the inclination to seek evidence supporting existing beliefs while disregarding contradictory data.
    • The bandwagon effect is a logical fallacy assuming a claim's validity based on its popularity.
    • The appeal to tradition fallacy assumes a claim is correct simply because it has existed for a long time.

    Pseudoscience and its Dangers

    • Pseudoscience lacks empirical support and is often characterized by misleading claims.
    • The primary danger of pseudoscience lies in its potential to misinform and exploit vulnerable individuals.
    • Characteristics of pseudoscience include reliance on anecdotal evidence and lack of rigorous testing.

    Understanding Human Behavior

    • Predicting human behavior is challenging due to the complexity of psychological and environmental interactions.
    • Cognitive psychology allows for an understanding of the mental processes that inform behavior in varying contexts.

    Key Differences in Psychological Theories

    • Monism posits that mind and body are interconnected, while dualism suggests they are separate entities.
    • Nativism argues that abilities are innate, while empiricism emphasizes learning through experience.

    Summary of Psychological Approaches

    • Structuralism focuses on the basic elements of consciousness.
    • Functionalism is concerned with the ongoing functions of processes rather than their structure.
    • Behaviorism emphasizes external, observable actions over internal states and processes.

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    Related Documents

    Chapter 1 - Psychology PDF
    Rough Notes - Chpt 1 Psych PDF

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