Scientific Theories in Biology

Scientific Theories and Concepts

• Scientific theories integrate well-supported hypotheses and are backed by substantial observations and experiments.
• Examples of major scientific theories include the cell theory, the concept of homeostasis, and the theory of evolution, which is fundamental to biology.

Basic and Applied Science

• Basic science focuses on expanding knowledge without immediate application, valuing knowledge for its own sake.
• Applied science utilizes findings from basic science to address practical real-world issues, enhancing relevance and applicability.
• Collaborative efforts, such as the Human Genome Project, exemplify how basic and applied science can solve complex problems.

Hypothesis Testing

• The scientific method systematically establishes facts through observation, hypothesis formation, prediction, experimentation, and data analysis.
• A hypothesis is a testable, falsifiable explanation for a natural event, informed by prior knowledge and experience.
• Predictions are derived from hypotheses using deductive reasoning, employing "if, then" statements to forecast outcomes.

Observation and Inductive Reasoning

• Scientists leverage curiosity about natural phenomena to make observations using both senses and technological tools like microscopes.
• Inductive reasoning takes specific observations to formulate general hypotheses, ensuring that hypotheses are testable and falsifiable.

Experimentation

• Experimental design includes variables: the experimental variable (independent variable) is manipulated, while the responding variable (dependent variable) measures the outcome.
• Controlled experiments feature a control group that receives no treatment and an experimental group that undergoes treatment to assess the effects of the experimental variable.

Data Presentation and Analysis

• Scientific findings are documented in research papers, which are peer-reviewed and may require revisions before publication in scientific journals.
• Studies, such as testing antibiotics for ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori, follow the scientific method: hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and data analysis to draw conclusions.

Example of the Scientific Method

• A hypothesis states that a newly discovered antibiotic B is superior to antibiotic A in treating ulcers.
• The prediction aligns with the hypothesis, asserting that antibiotic B will demonstrate better results.
• Results indicate increased effectiveness of antibiotic B after two weeks in comparison to antibiotic A, supporting the initial hypothesis.

This quiz explores the concept of scientific theories, focusing particularly on their significance in biology. It covers topics such as evolution, cell theory, and homeostasis, alongside the distinction between basic and applied sciences. Test your understanding of these fundamental ideas and their implications in the scientific community.