Scientific Theories and Phenomena Quiz

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What does replication of a study involve?

Conducting a study multiple times to ensure consistent results. (correct)

Conducting a study once and accepting the results as conclusive.

Conducting a study without any changes.

Conducting a study with modifications to obtain different results.

When a replication study differs from the initial study's results, what could that indicate?

The initial study was completely accurate in its findings.

The replication study has flawed methodology.

The results of either study could be due to chance and not be generally true. (correct)

The replication study is always more reliable than the initial study.

What distinguishes a theory from phenomena?

Phenomena are always grounded in empirical evidence.

Phenomena are abstract concepts while theories are concrete observations.

Theories are based solely on conjecture.

Theories explain by including variables not observed directly. (correct)

How are theories understood in the scientific context compared to everyday language?

In science, theories provide explanations while in everyday language they are untested ideas. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Zajonc’s theory of social facilitation and social inhibition?

It includes variables or organizing principles beyond direct observation. Signup and view all the answers

How does the occurrence of phenomena relate to the establishment of theories?

Phenomena provide the basis for theories by being directly observable. Signup and view all the answers

What is a psychological phenomenon?

An established answer to a research question Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon involves people recognizing faces of their own race more accurately?

Own-race effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the bystander effect?

The lessening of likelihood that people will help in an emergency as more bystanders are present Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon involves a conditioned response returning with no further training after time has passed?

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

What does the mere exposure effect refer to?

Increased liking for a stimulus with greater exposure, even subliminally Signup and view all the answers

What is the placebo effect?

Improved health due to placebo treatment Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a theory from an untested idea?

Being well supported by scientific research Signup and view all the answers

How is a perspective different from a theory?

A perspective is more general than a theory Signup and view all the answers

What defines a model according to the text?

A precise explanation or interpretation of a specific phenomenon Signup and view all the answers

In the context of theories, what is a hypothesis commonly used for?

Making predictions about new phenomena based on a theory Signup and view all the answers

Why is theory important in research studies?

It provides explanation, understanding, and meaningfulness to research Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic makes the 'germ theory' of disease a theory?

Being an explanation of the origin of various diseases Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a theory when a hypothesis is disconfirmed in a systematic empirical study?

The theory is weakened because it made an inaccurate prediction. Signup and view all the answers

Why do scientists tend to avoid using the word 'prove' when discussing theories?

Because proving a theory is not possible through hypothesis confirmation. Signup and view all the answers

According to the strictest version of the hypothetico-deductive method, what does disconfirming a hypothesis do to the theory?

Disproves the theory it was derived from. Signup and view all the answers

Why do scientists not easily give up on their theories when faced with disconfirmed hypotheses?

Because theories are integral to scientific research and not easily replaced. Signup and view all the answers

What role do theories play in scientific research, based on the provided text?

Theories are essential components that contribute significantly to scientific understanding. Signup and view all the answers

How can understanding and using theories benefit a researcher, according to the text?

Help in interpreting research literature and generating interesting research questions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the cognitive dissonance theory suggest?

Inconsistent beliefs create mental discomfort Signup and view all the answers

What is subitizing in relation to quantitative ability?

Quickly perceiving the number of objects without counting, as long as it is four or fewer Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical approach explains psychological phenomena in terms of their function or purpose?

Functional theories Signup and view all the answers

What does the evolutionary psychology perspective assume about human behavior?

It has evolved to solve specific adaptive problems faced by distant ancestors Signup and view all the answers

Which theory focuses on specific variables, structures, and processes to explain psychological phenomena?

Drive theory of social facilitation and inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What does subitizing refer to?

Quickly and accurately perceiving the number of objects in a scene without counting Signup and view all the answers