Scientific Revolution Overview

Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, influential in Western history, developed philosophical and scientific system.

Outdated methods, considered inadequate for scientific advancement.

Greek's premier learning institution where Aristotle studied.

Pythias, a Greek biologist and embryologist, was Aristotle's first wife.

Aristotle had a concubine named Herpyllis after his wife's death.

Athens was a crucial center for academic and scientific knowledge.

Existing European, Greek, and Middle Eastern scientific philosophical works and theories.

Aristotle established the Lyceum in 335 B.C.E.

A model of the universe where Earth is at the center, with the sun and other celestial bodies revolving around it.

The astronomer who developed a highly advanced geocentric model of the universe.

The belief that universe had Earth at the center and that the movements of celestial bodies were circular and perfect, existing forever.

The belief that planets and stars moved in perfect circles.

Greek astronomer who proposed a sun-centered (heliocentric) model of the universe.

A model of the universe where the Sun is at the center, with Earth and other planets revolving around it.

Scientists who challenged Ptolemy's geocentric model and proposed a sun-centered model.

The idea that Earth is the center of the universe.

A theory in astronomy that places the Sun at the center of the solar system, with the planets revolving around it.

A 16th-century astronomer who developed the heliocentric model of the solar system.

A short astronomical treatise by Copernicus that outlined his sun-centered theory.

Copernicus correctly placed the planets, including Earth, in order from the Sun in his theory.

The calendar system in use during Copernicus's time that was inaccurate regarding the seasons.

A more accurate calendar system introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, which incorporates leap years and is still in use today.

Copernicus's heliocentric theory faced challenges in explaining concepts like falling objects, due to the previous understanding of Earth as the center of the universe.

Written by Nicolaus Copernicus, laying the foundation for his heliocentric system.

Three fundamental laws describing planetary motion around the Sun, formulated by Johannes Kepler.

Kepler's first law stating that planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, not perfect circles.

A simple method to visualize an ellipse using two tacks, string, and a pencil, where the string is stretched around the tacks to create the shape.

A mathematical relationship between a planet's orbital period (T) and its average distance from the sun (R): T² / R³ = constant. It states that the square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the average distance from the sun.

A theory proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus that placed the Sun at the center of the Solar System, not the Earth.

This law can be used to calculate the average distance of a planet from the sun if we know the orbital period, or vice versa. This is a powerful tool in astronomy.

Kepler's first publication, a book defending Copernicus's heliocentric system and proposing a geometric model of the universe.

A Danish astronomer who made extremely precise observations of planetary positions in the late 16th century. His data was crucial for Kepler's discoveries.

A German astronomer and mathematician who revolutionized our understanding of planetary motion with his three laws.

A German astronomer who used Brahe's data to develop his three laws of planetary motion. His work revolutionized our understanding of the solar system.

Johannes Kepler's early death was possibly due to a burst bladder or kidney failure, possibly caused by overwork.

Kepler was born in 1571 in Weil der Stadt, Germany, to poor parents, and was a sickly child but very intelligent, earning a scholarship to the University of Tübingen.

An Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who made groundbreaking observations using the telescope. He provided evidence for the heliocentric model of the solar system.

The idea that the sun is at the center of the solar system, not the Earth. This idea was controversial at the time.

Galileo's support for the Copernican model led to conflict with the Catholic Church, resulting in his house arrest.

His scientific achievements, including the discoveries of the phases of Venus, the moons of Jupiter, and sunspots, had a profound impact on science and our understanding of the universe.

Galileo's work on the planet's orbit was groundbreaking. He used observation and telescopes to support Copernicus's heliocentric model, challenging the Earth-centered view.

Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, challenging the prevailing geocentric view. His work laid the foundation for modern astronomy.

Galileo's use of telescopes provided crucial evidence for the heliocentric model. His observations of the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter supported this view.

Galileo's work challenged the established scientific authority of the time, leading to conflict with the Church. His observations contradicted the prevailing geocentric view.

The Scientific Revolution was a period of profound scientific advancements, characterized by new discoveries, innovative methods, and a shift from religious dogma to empirical observations.

The Scientific Revolution emphasized the importance of gathering observational evidence to support scientific theories, leading to a shift away from reliance on ancient texts.