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Questions and Answers
What does socialism advocate concerning the ownership of production?
What does socialism advocate concerning the ownership of production?
What was one of the key beliefs in Karl Marx's communist manifesto?
What was one of the key beliefs in Karl Marx's communist manifesto?
Which political party in Britain represented the working class and advocated for peace demonstrations?
Which political party in Britain represented the working class and advocated for peace demonstrations?
What was a significant reform achieved by workers in Britain during the industrial era?
What was a significant reform achieved by workers in Britain during the industrial era?
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Which act limited child labor in Britain, stating children under age 9 could not work?
Which act limited child labor in Britain, stating children under age 9 could not work?
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What was a major push factor for migration from Europe during the industrial revolution?
What was a major push factor for migration from Europe during the industrial revolution?
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What was one of the primary focuses of industrialization in Germany during the second industrial revolution?
What was one of the primary focuses of industrialization in Germany during the second industrial revolution?
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In Russia, who initiated the establishment of factories and iron mines?
In Russia, who initiated the establishment of factories and iron mines?
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Which of the following accurately represents Egypt's failed industrialization under Muhammad Ali Pasha?
Which of the following accurately represents Egypt's failed industrialization under Muhammad Ali Pasha?
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What was the primary effect of the Treaty of Kanagawa on Japan?
What was the primary effect of the Treaty of Kanagawa on Japan?
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What was a goal of China's self-strengthening movement?
What was a goal of China's self-strengthening movement?
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Which term describes the Ottoman Empire's attempts to modernize in response to Western pressures?
Which term describes the Ottoman Empire's attempts to modernize in response to Western pressures?
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What challenge did the Russian industrial revolution face compared to others?
What challenge did the Russian industrial revolution face compared to others?
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What was a significant impact of the Scientific Revolution on the understanding of the universe?
What was a significant impact of the Scientific Revolution on the understanding of the universe?
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Which scientist is known for supporting the heliocentric model of the solar system?
Which scientist is known for supporting the heliocentric model of the solar system?
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What was one consequence faced by Galileo for his scientific beliefs?
What was one consequence faced by Galileo for his scientific beliefs?
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What philosophical concept suggests that humans can improve society and eliminate its problems during the Enlightenment?
What philosophical concept suggests that humans can improve society and eliminate its problems during the Enlightenment?
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Which statement reflects a common view held during the Enlightenment regarding government?
Which statement reflects a common view held during the Enlightenment regarding government?
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What is the significance of the idea of nationalism as outlined?
What is the significance of the idea of nationalism as outlined?
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Which Enlightenment thinker is known for promoting the idea of separation of powers?
Which Enlightenment thinker is known for promoting the idea of separation of powers?
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What aspect of the abolition movement began in Britain?
What aspect of the abolition movement began in Britain?
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How did the Seven Years War contribute to the American Revolution?
How did the Seven Years War contribute to the American Revolution?
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What is a key idea associated with John Locke's philosophy?
What is a key idea associated with John Locke's philosophy?
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Which of the following best describes maternal feminism?
Which of the following best describes maternal feminism?
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What was one consequence of rising nationalism in Europe?
What was one consequence of rising nationalism in Europe?
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What movement did Lola Rodríguez de Tió advocate for?
What movement did Lola Rodríguez de Tió advocate for?
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What principle is the Social Contract based on?
What principle is the Social Contract based on?
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Which event marked the colonists' formal break from Great Britain?
Which event marked the colonists' formal break from Great Britain?
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What was one major outcome of the French Revolution?
What was one major outcome of the French Revolution?
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What action did the Third Estate take during the French Revolution?
What action did the Third Estate take during the French Revolution?
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Who led the Haitian Revolution?
Who led the Haitian Revolution?
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What did the Congress of Vienna aim to achieve?
What did the Congress of Vienna aim to achieve?
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What social distinction persisted in the Southern United States after independence?
What social distinction persisted in the Southern United States after independence?
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Which social groups fought for political equality during the French Revolution?
Which social groups fought for political equality during the French Revolution?
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What triggered the economic strain leading to the French Revolution?
What triggered the economic strain leading to the French Revolution?
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What was the outcome of the Haitian Revolution for the enslaved people?
What was the outcome of the Haitian Revolution for the enslaved people?
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What characterized the social structure in pre-revolutionary Latin America?
What characterized the social structure in pre-revolutionary Latin America?
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What was one significant outcome of Simon Bolivar's efforts in South America?
What was one significant outcome of Simon Bolivar's efforts in South America?
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Which event served as a model for subsequent revolutions in other nations?
Which event served as a model for subsequent revolutions in other nations?
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Which factor contributed to the creation of a workforce during the Industrial Revolution?
Which factor contributed to the creation of a workforce during the Industrial Revolution?
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What was a primary impact of the Enclosure Movement?
What was a primary impact of the Enclosure Movement?
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Which innovation was crucial during the first Industrial Revolution?
Which innovation was crucial during the first Industrial Revolution?
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What characterizes the working class, or Proletariat, during the Industrial Revolution?
What characterizes the working class, or Proletariat, during the Industrial Revolution?
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How did the Industrial Revolution affect urban living conditions?
How did the Industrial Revolution affect urban living conditions?
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What role did women play in the workforce during the Industrial Revolution?
What role did women play in the workforce during the Industrial Revolution?
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Which statement accurately describes the social hierarchy of the time?
Which statement accurately describes the social hierarchy of the time?
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What was the Bessemer Process used for?
What was the Bessemer Process used for?
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Which statement captures the essence of capitalism as described during the Industrial Revolution?
Which statement captures the essence of capitalism as described during the Industrial Revolution?
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What was a notable advancement in communication during the Industrial Revolution?
What was a notable advancement in communication during the Industrial Revolution?
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Which crop was introduced to Europe in the Columbian Exchange that influenced agricultural practices?
Which crop was introduced to Europe in the Columbian Exchange that influenced agricultural practices?
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What was a consequence of child labor during the Industrial Revolution?
What was a consequence of child labor during the Industrial Revolution?
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What was a key reason for the transition to the factory system from cottage industries?
What was a key reason for the transition to the factory system from cottage industries?
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What was the primary focus of the ideology of domesticity concerning women?
What was the primary focus of the ideology of domesticity concerning women?
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Study Notes
Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment
- Scientific Revolution (1500-1600s): A period of intellectual transformation, emphasizing observation, deduction, and experimentation (scientific method). Challenged prevailing church doctrines (e.g., Protestant Reformation).
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Key Figures:
- Copernicus: Proposed a heliocentric (sun-centered) model of the universe, challenging the geocentric (earth-centered) view.
- Galileo: Used telescopes to observe celestial bodies (e.g., moons of Jupiter, rings of Saturn), published scientific findings, facing conflicts with the Church.
- Newton: Developed laws of motion and universal gravitation, demonstrating the universe operates according to natural laws.
- Margaret Cavendish: A notable female scientist, producing significant scientific texts.
- Maria Winkelmann: A woman astronomer whose discoveries were often attributed to her male counterparts.
- Church Views: Jesuits embraced scientific advancements; however, other factions within the Catholic Church opposed new ideas, resulting in trials like Galileo's. Giordano Bruno, a vocal advocate for new views, was executed for heresy.
- Enlightenment (1600s-1800s): An era of "reason," emphasizing natural laws governing the universe and human society.
- Key Concepts: Rationalism (human capacity for reason), Progressivism (society's capacity for improvement), Liberalism (natural rights, limited government).
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Enlightenment Thinkers:
- Adam Smith: Developed economic principles for capitalism (e.g., "laws of operation").
- John Locke: Advocated for natural rights and the social contract, undermining the divine right of kings.
- Montesquieu: championed the separation of powers, aiming to limit monarchial power.
- Voltaire: Promoted religious tolerance and freedom of speech.
- Mary Wollstonecraft: early feminist.
- Olympe de Gouges: writer and activist.
Repercussions of Revolution
- Nationalism: The idea that a nation's interests supersede individual or local loyalties. This fostered unification efforts (e.g., Italy, Germany) and independence movements.
- Nationalism's Impact: Both unifying and divisive. It fostered competition and rivalries, which could lead to conflict (e.g., World War I).
- Abolition Movement: Focused on ending slavery, starting in Britain and evolving over decades. Despite progress, former slaves faced continued inequality.
- Feminist Movements: Enlightenment ideals influenced the rise of feminism. Maternal feminism focused on mothers as key to society. Figures like Elizabeth Cady Stanton launched movements for women's rights, and others, like Kartini and Empress Haruko, advocated for women's education and rights in specific regions and countries.
Atlantic Revolutions
- American Revolution: Colonists sought independence from British rule, influenced by Enlightenment ideas (popular sovereignty, natural rights). The Revolution was precipitated by actions such as the Stamp Act and Tea Acts and philosophical arguments concerning rights of the people.
- French Revolution: A period of significant social upheaval sparked by French bankruptcy, inequality among the estates/classes, poverty, and Enlightenment ideas. The Revolution sought to dismantle the absolute monarchy.
- Reign of Terror: A phase of extreme violence characterized by executions of perceived enemies of the revolution, led by Robespierre.
- The Haitian Revolution: The first successful slave revolt in the Americas in the 18th century. Driven by poor treatment of enslaved people in the colony of Saint-Domingue.
- Latin American Revolutions: Led by creole elites (e.g., Simón Bolívar), these revolutions aimed for independence from Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule, leading to struggles over governance.
Industrial Revolution
- Agricultural Revolution (2nd): Improvements in farming techniques (fertilizer, crop rotation) led to higher yields and smaller farms and a larger labor pool, leading to enclosure movement.
- Industrial Revolution: Began in Great Britain due to resources, banking, population, stable government, leading to the rise of factories and machinery.
- First Industrial Revolution (1760-1840): Focused on textiles; marked the transition from cottage to factory production, along with innovations in steam power, spinning, and weaving.
- Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914): Expansion of industrial activity; focused on electricity, petroleum, internal combustion engines, steel, and other advancements.
Social Hierarchies, Reactions to Industrial Economy
- Social Classes: Industrialization altered social structures, creating distinct classes (aristocracy, bourgeoisie, proletariat).
- Working Class: Faced challenging working conditions (low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions).
- Cities: Urbanization led to crowded living conditions and sanitation problems.
- Women: Experiences varied across classes. Middle-class women faced challenges of domesticity; working-class women were often employed in mills or domestic service.
- Child Labor: Common in factories and mines, facing harsh conditions. Reform movements emerged to address child labor.
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Capitalism vs. Socialism: Ideological struggles over the best approach to governing an economy.
- Capitalism, championed by Adam Smith, emphasized private ownership and laissez-faire economics.
- Socialism/communism (e.g., Marx and Engels) critiqued capitalist exploitation and advocated for communal ownership.
Industrialization Spreads
- Many countries adopted industrial practices, including the United States, Germany, Russia, and later Japan. These countries often adopted industrial practices based on the models of England.
- Russia: Initially under government control, industrialization fostered significant social unrest and revolutions; Russia adopted some industrial technologies.
- Japan: Forced into modernization by foreign powers (U.S.). It adapted to Western technologies and practices, eventually becoming an industrialized power.
- China: Experienced limited successes in the modernization of the military and the economy, but ultimately failed to overcome traditional social and political structures.
- Ottoman Empire & Egypt: Attempted modernization but faced obstacles in adapting industrial systems to their societies.
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Description
Explore the pivotal changes during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment periods from the 1500s to the 1600s. This quiz covers key figures like Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton, and their contributions to science, as well as the tensions with religious doctrines. Test your knowledge of this transformative era in human thought and discovery.
