Scientific Method Tasks and Classification

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What is the purpose of establishing discriminant validity?

To show that the concept being measured is different from other related concepts (correct)

To demonstrate that the measure is reliable and consistent

To ensure that the research findings are statistically significant

To prove that the theory underlying the research is correct

What type of relationship is expected between measures of verbal aggression and physical aggression when establishing discriminant validity?

A low correlation (correct)

A strong negative correlation

A strong positive correlation

A moderate positive correlation

What is the purpose of the hypothesis-testing step in establishing validity?

To test if the research findings support the underlying theory (correct)

To determine if the measure is reliable

To show that the measure is different from other related measures

To ensure that the research participants understood the questions

Which of the following is an example of convergent validity?

A high correlation between self-reported verbal aggression and observed verbal aggression Signup and view all the answers

What type of validity is being established when the hypothesis derived from a theory is supported by the research findings?

Construct validity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity is demonstrated when there is a low correlation between measures of verbal aggression and physical aggression?

Discriminant validity Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be used to check the internal consistency of an index by seeing if people who score high on the first half also score high on the second half?

Split-half correlation Signup and view all the answers

How is internal consistency determined by correlating each question with the total score of an index?

By average item-total correlation Signup and view all the answers

Which measure assesses the relative absence of random measurement error in a measuring instrument?

Variability measure Signup and view all the answers

What does examining split-half correlation involve in checking the internal consistency of an index?

Splitting the index into two groups and checking their correlation Signup and view all the answers

Which approach gives an idea of the contribution of each item to the reliability of an index?

Average item-total correlation Signup and view all the answers

Why should an instrument with lower variability measure be more reliable than one with larger variability?

Because it has less random measurement error Signup and view all the answers

What determines the "goodness" of measurement according to the text?

The reliability and validity of the measurement Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of assessing the reliability and validity of the scale?

To evaluate the consistency and accuracy of the measurement instrument. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'stability' refer to in the context of reliability?

The consistency of results obtained by the same measurement instrument over time. Signup and view all the answers

How is the test-retest correlation determined in the context of the text?

By asking the respondents the four questions once in September and again in November. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'equivalence' refer to in the context of reliability?

The consistency of results obtained by different investigators using the same instrument to measure the same individuals at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

If the evidence collected supports the hypothesis, what can we conclude?

A high degree of construct validity in the measurements Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of face validity?

To evaluate whether each item belongs to the concept being measured Signup and view all the answers

How is content validity different from face validity?

Content validity determines if any items should be included or excluded, while face validity evaluates if each item belongs Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in determining content validity for a measure of "political participation"?

Specify all the aspects or dimensions of the concept of political participation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between face validation and content validation?

The criteria for judgment is different between the two Signup and view all the answers

What does construct validity in measurements imply?

The measurements accurately represent the theoretical concepts being examined Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion of measurement deals with the aspect of whether a measure yields similar results when used repeatedly on the same individuals?

Reliability Signup and view all the answers

In the context of measurement, what does validity assess?

Whether the measure truly reflects the theoretical concept Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between reliability and validity when considering measurements?

Consistency vs. Accuracy Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of measurement is concerned with the internal consistency of all items in a measure?

Homogeneity Signup and view all the answers

What does the reliability criterion assess when considering different investigators using the same measure?

Equivalence of the measure Signup and view all the answers

In measurement terms, what is the fundamental question that validity aims to answer?

'Does the measure employed really measure the theoretical concept?' Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the test-retest correlation in establishing the reliability of an index?

To assess the stability of the measure over time Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'equivalence' refer to in the context of reliability?

The extent to which different investigators using the same instrument yield consistent results Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of establishing discriminant validity?

To demonstrate that the measure is unrelated to measures of other, distinct constructs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between face validation and content validation?

Face validation is concerned with the appearance of the measure, while content validation is concerned with the actual content Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity is demonstrated when there is a low correlation between measures of verbal aggression and physical aggression?

Discriminant validity Signup and view all the answers

What does examining split-half correlation involve in checking the internal consistency of an index?

Correlating the scores on the first half of the items with the scores on the second half of the items Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way to check the internal consistency of an index according to the text?

Cronbach's alpha coefficient Signup and view all the answers

What measure can be used to index the relative absence of random measurement error in a measuring instrument?

Variability measure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches to determining reliability is described in the text as giving 'an idea of the contribution of each item to the reliability of the index'?

Average item-total correlation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of establishing discriminant validity?

To show that the measure is not related to measures of unrelated constructs Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship is expected between measures of verbal aggression and physical aggression when establishing discriminant validity?

A weak negative correlation Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in determining content validity for a measure of 'political participation'?

Conduct a literature review on the definition and components of political participation Signup and view all the answers

What is the central task of the scientific method, according to the text?

Formulating generalizations about selected variables Signup and view all the answers

In the context of scientific method, what does 'comparing variations in two or more characteristics of the members of a category' help in achieving?

Creating generalizations about variables Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity is the most demanding, requiring both theory and empirical data in the validation process?

Construct validity Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'equivalence' refer to in the context of reliability?

The consistency of results obtained using different forms or versions of a measuring instrument Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity is demonstrated when there is a high correlation between measures of verbal aggression and physical aggression?

Convergent validity Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be used to check the internal consistency of an index by seeing if people who score high on the first half also score high on the second half?

Split-half reliability Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of establishing discriminant validity?

To demonstrate that the measure is unrelated to measures of conceptually distinct concepts Signup and view all the answers

What does examining split-half correlation involve in checking the internal consistency of an index?

Correlating the first half of the items with the second half of the items Signup and view all the answers

What do test norms provide a basis for?

Comparing individuals within a group Signup and view all the answers

In addition to intelligence, where has factor analysis been applied according to the text?

Exploring personality traits Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are approximately labeled as prevalent in studies related to personality structure?

Conformity, extroversion, anxiety, and dependability Signup and view all the answers

How are centile ranks calculated in a norm system?

By finding the percentage of subjects below a given raw score Signup and view all the answers

What does a standard score based on the symbol 'z' indicate?

The number of standard deviations above or below the arithmetic mean Signup and view all the answers

What is a common preference among educational and vocational counselors regarding scores compared to Guilford's model?

They prefer fewer scores than the 120 implied. Signup and view all the answers

What is one area where there is even less consensus than in intelligence according to the text?

Personality structure Signup and view all the answers

What does the 50th centile in test norms represent?

The percentage of subjects scoring at the mean Signup and view all the answers

In what context does a standard score with a negative 'z' value occur?

When the subject's raw score is below the mean Signup and view all the answers

How does a standard score aid in interpreting an individual's performance?

By indicating how many standard deviations their score is from the mean Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of multiplying z scores by an arbitrarily selected constant and adding another constant?

To avoid negative and fractional values Signup and view all the answers

How is mental age computed in tests of intelligence?

As the ratio of chronological age to mental age Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for developing a form of IQ (intelligence quotient) as described in the text?

To make it easy to assess brightness relative to age Signup and view all the answers

Why has the classical ratio IQ been largely replaced by the deviation IQ?

Because it accounts for varying item difficulty levels Signup and view all the answers

What technique did Thurstone develop to identify primary mental abilities in a set of tests of intelligence?

Multiple-factor analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mean and standard deviation for the deviation IQ at each age level?

Mean of 100 and standard deviation of 16 Signup and view all the answers

Why is the chronological age for individuals older than 18 taken as 18 when determining IQ?

To maintain consistency in IQ assessment Signup and view all the answers

Why has the classical ratio IQ been largely supplanted by the deviation IQ according to the text?

The deviation IQ was developed to address non-uniform spreads around average IQ. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and the Spearman rho correlation coefficient?

Pearson is used for interval or ratio data, while Spearman is used for ordinal data Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of establishing discriminant validity?

To demonstrate that a measure is not correlated with measures of unrelated constructs Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'equivalence' refer to in the context of reliability?

The degree to which an instrument produces the same results when administered by different raters Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for developing a form of IQ (intelligence quotient) as described in the text?

To provide a standardized measure of cognitive ability that can be used for educational and vocational placement Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in determining content validity for a measure of 'political participation'?

Reviewing the relevant literature to identify the key dimensions of political participation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity is demonstrated when there is a low correlation between measures of verbal aggression and physical aggression?

Discriminant validity Signup and view all the answers

What does the formula for the biserial correlation coefficient involve?

The Y score means for data pairs with an x score of 0 and 1, the proportions of data pairs with x scores of 0 and 1, and the population standard deviation for the y data Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the tetrachoric correlation coefficient and the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient?

The tetrachoric correlation assumes the variables are continuous and normally distributed, while the Spearman correlation is for ordinal data Signup and view all the answers

What is the key assumption made when using the rank-biserial correlation coefficient?

There are no tied ranks present in the data Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using the eta correlation ratio compared to the Pearson correlation coefficient?

The eta coefficient is always greater than the absolute value of the Pearson coefficient Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between the biserial correlation coefficient and the point-biserial correlation coefficient?

The biserial coefficient is always greater than the point-biserial coefficient Signup and view all the answers

What is the point-biserial correlation coefficient a special case of?

Pearson correlation Signup and view all the answers

What does the Phi coefficient measure?

Correlation between two dichotomous variables Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the biserial correlation coefficient from the point-biserial correlation coefficient?

One variable is ordinal and the other is dichotomous Signup and view all the answers

When using Pearson coefficients, what type of data do the coefficients generally require?

Quantitative and continuous Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the biserial correlation coefficient differ from the point-biserial correlation?

It compares quantitative data against ordinal data with underlying continuity but measured discretely. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key ethical principle that ensures test-takers are treated with respect regardless of personal characteristics?

Being treated with courtesy and respect Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical issue relates to the understanding and competency of the psychologist administering the test?

Competence of psychologist Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical requirement for test-givers to follow when selecting and administering tests?

Having knowledge of ethical codes Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of breaching the ethical principle of confidentiality in psychological testing?

Invasion of privacy Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical consideration ensures that individuals have the freedom to decide not to participate in psychological testing?

Informed Consent Signup and view all the answers

Does computerized testing and analysis of test results create a danger of minimizing human uniqueness?

Yes, by providing generalized interpretations of complex human behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Who benefits from psychological testing according to the passage?

Testers and those who can afford the cost of the tests. Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of dehumanization in decision-making processes?

Decreased relevance of individual complexity in decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does dehumanization manifest in computer-testing according to the text?

By removing human elements from decision-making processes. Signup and view all the answers

When is it considered acceptable to test without obtaining informed consent?

When the test takers are psychology students participating in a course Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of debriefing participants after research, as described in the text?

To explain how the research findings will be used and ensure confidentiality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be avoided when disclosing test results to participants?

Using technical terms like 'neuroticism' or 'sten' Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for establishing discriminant validity for a test?

To ensure that the test measures distinct constructs from other related tests Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about informed consent is incorrect according to the text?

Informed consent is not necessary when testing is mandated by law Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of establishing content validity for a test?

To ensure that the test items are representative of the intended content domain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding actuarial judgment and clinical judgment is correct?

Actuarial judgment relies on statistical formulas, while clinical judgment relies on a trained psychologist's interpretation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the validity of a test result?

Whether the test result will remain true indefinitely, regardless of time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of obtaining informed consent in psychological testing?

To obtain affirmative permission from the test-taker before administering the test. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the validity of a test administered during a hiring process?

Whether the test result accurately predicts the candidate's inability to acquire the desired characteristic in the future. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of informed consent as discussed in the text?

To obtain affirmative permission from the test-taker before administering the test or taking any actions based on the results. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ethical dilemma presented in the context of 'divided loyalties'?

The clinician must balance the interests of the test taker and the institution that hired them. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ethical concern regarding the 'labeling' of psychiatric disorders?

Psychiatric labels can be damaging and the public has little understanding of them. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key ethical principle regarding the 'invasion of privacy' in the context of psychological assessment?

All of the above are key ethical principles regarding the invasion of privacy in psychological assessment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ethical dilemma presented in the context of 'test security'?

Ensuring test materials are kept secure while also providing necessary training and legal disclosures. Signup and view all the answers

Scientific Method Tasks and Classification

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of establishing discriminant validity?

What type of relationship is expected between measures of verbal aggression and physical aggression when establishing discriminant validity?

What is the purpose of the hypothesis-testing step in establishing validity?

Which of the following is an example of convergent validity?

What type of validity is being established when the hypothesis derived from a theory is supported by the research findings?

Which type of validity is demonstrated when there is a low correlation between measures of verbal aggression and physical aggression?

Which method can be used to check the internal consistency of an index by seeing if people who score high on the first half also score high on the second half?

How is internal consistency determined by correlating each question with the total score of an index?

Which measure assesses the relative absence of random measurement error in a measuring instrument?

What does examining split-half correlation involve in checking the internal consistency of an index?

Which approach gives an idea of the contribution of each item to the reliability of an index?

Why should an instrument with lower variability measure be more reliable than one with larger variability?

What determines the "goodness" of measurement according to the text?

What is the purpose of assessing the reliability and validity of the scale?

What does the term 'stability' refer to in the context of reliability?

How is the test-retest correlation determined in the context of the text?

What does the term 'equivalence' refer to in the context of reliability?

If the evidence collected supports the hypothesis, what can we conclude?

What is the purpose of face validity?

How is content validity different from face validity?

What is the first step in determining content validity for a measure of "political participation"?

What is the main difference between face validation and content validation?

What does construct validity in measurements imply?

Which criterion of measurement deals with the aspect of whether a measure yields similar results when used repeatedly on the same individuals?

In the context of measurement, what does validity assess?

What is the primary difference between reliability and validity when considering measurements?

Which aspect of measurement is concerned with the internal consistency of all items in a measure?

What does the reliability criterion assess when considering different investigators using the same measure?

In measurement terms, what is the fundamental question that validity aims to answer?

What is the purpose of the test-retest correlation in establishing the reliability of an index?

What does the term 'equivalence' refer to in the context of reliability?

What is the purpose of establishing discriminant validity?

What is the main difference between face validation and content validation?

Which type of validity is demonstrated when there is a low correlation between measures of verbal aggression and physical aggression?

What does examining split-half correlation involve in checking the internal consistency of an index?

Which of the following is NOT a way to check the internal consistency of an index according to the text?

What measure can be used to index the relative absence of random measurement error in a measuring instrument?

Which of the following approaches to determining reliability is described in the text as giving 'an idea of the contribution of each item to the reliability of the index'?

What is the purpose of establishing discriminant validity?

What type of relationship is expected between measures of verbal aggression and physical aggression when establishing discriminant validity?

What is the first step in determining content validity for a measure of 'political participation'?

What is the central task of the scientific method, according to the text?

In the context of scientific method, what does 'comparing variations in two or more characteristics of the members of a category' help in achieving?

Which type of validity is the most demanding, requiring both theory and empirical data in the validation process?

What does the term 'equivalence' refer to in the context of reliability?

Which type of validity is demonstrated when there is a high correlation between measures of verbal aggression and physical aggression?

Which method can be used to check the internal consistency of an index by seeing if people who score high on the first half also score high on the second half?

What is the purpose of establishing discriminant validity?

What does examining split-half correlation involve in checking the internal consistency of an index?

What do test norms provide a basis for?

In addition to intelligence, where has factor analysis been applied according to the text?

Which factors are approximately labeled as prevalent in studies related to personality structure?

How are centile ranks calculated in a norm system?

What does a standard score based on the symbol 'z' indicate?

What is a common preference among educational and vocational counselors regarding scores compared to Guilford's model?

What is one area where there is even less consensus than in intelligence according to the text?

What does the 50th centile in test norms represent?

In what context does a standard score with a negative 'z' value occur?

How does a standard score aid in interpreting an individual's performance?

What is the purpose of multiplying z scores by an arbitrarily selected constant and adding another constant?

How is mental age computed in tests of intelligence?

What is the primary reason for developing a form of IQ (intelligence quotient) as described in the text?

Why has the classical ratio IQ been largely replaced by the deviation IQ?

What technique did Thurstone develop to identify primary mental abilities in a set of tests of intelligence?

What is the mean and standard deviation for the deviation IQ at each age level?

Why is the chronological age for individuals older than 18 taken as 18 when determining IQ?

Why has the classical ratio IQ been largely supplanted by the deviation IQ according to the text?

What is the main difference between the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and the Spearman rho correlation coefficient?

What is the purpose of establishing discriminant validity?

What does the term 'equivalence' refer to in the context of reliability?

What is the primary reason for developing a form of IQ (intelligence quotient) as described in the text?

What is the first step in determining content validity for a measure of 'political participation'?

Which type of validity is demonstrated when there is a low correlation between measures of verbal aggression and physical aggression?

What does the formula for the biserial correlation coefficient involve?

What is the main difference between the tetrachoric correlation coefficient and the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient?

What is the key assumption made when using the rank-biserial correlation coefficient?

What is the main advantage of using the eta correlation ratio compared to the Pearson correlation coefficient?