Scientific Method & Definitions Quiz
99 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Science is best defined as what?

what is known about the universe and the methods used to obtain knowledge

Who determines scientific facts?

anyone

What characterizes a scientific fact?

use senses to make observations

How is equipment best used in science?

<p>to extend the range of the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

When we see leaves blowing in the wind, what type of evidence for the existence of air is this?

<p>Indirect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might science ignore the issue of the existence of God?

<p>He is not testable using our senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of the scientific method?

<p>Identify the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT part of the Discussion section of a scientific paper?

<p>dependent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

A hypothesis stated in a negative fashion is called a ______ hypothesis.

<p>null</p> Signup and view all the answers

To measure the amount of a substance, one would utilize what type of observations?

<p>quantitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the constant part of an experiment used for comparison called?

<p>control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrons of atoms travel in paths called _______.

<p>energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the process of ionic bonding, what happens to the outer energy level electrons?

<p>Outer energy level electrons are gained and lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant inorganic substance in a cell?

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an atom has 12 protons in its nucleus, what is its atomic number?

<p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sodium has an atomic number of 11. How does an atom of sodium become a sodium ion (Na+)?

<p>losing an outer energy level electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

An isotope of carbon (atomic number 6) has an atomic mass of 14. How many neutrons does an atom of this isotope have?

<p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a function of water?

<p>is an immediate source of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are all examples of what type of organic molecule?

<p>carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the body's most concentrated energy sources?

<p>lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biological catalysts are found in what organic molecule group?

<p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary carriers of genetic information?

<p>nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compounds provide quick energy to sustain life?

<p>carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What charge do electrons carry?

<p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

What properties are displayed by individual water molecules?

<p>polarity, heat resistance, and hydrogen-bonding capability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has a denatured protein or DNA molecule lost?

<p>hydrogen bonds, function, shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrolysis is a ______ reaction.

<p>breakdown (cleavage)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many other atoms can each carbon atom share pairs of electrons with?

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the monomer of a protein?

<p>amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

<p>saccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cell membranes consist mainly of a _______.

<p>phospholipid bilayer and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a key point of the cell theory?

<p>spontaneous generation occurs in bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some key characteristics of an organelle?

<p>separate chemical reactions in time and space; are membrane-bound components; are typical of eukaryotic cells, not prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells of many protists, plants, and fungi, but not animals, commonly have a _____.

<p>cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

What external structure might a cell have beyond the plasma membrane?

<p>cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about plasma membranes is FALSE?

<p>the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is very stable, solid, and inflexible</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nonpolar portion of a phospholipid molecule?

<p>fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the cell membrane transports large molecules across the membrane?

<p>transmembrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are carbohydrates called that are attached to the cell membrane and may be responsible for tissue recognition by the cell?

<p>glycolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some functions of plasma membrane proteins?

<p>transport, receptor site, cell-to-cell recognition, attachment of the cytoskeleton components</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is "cell-eating" called?

<p>phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best example of a process that moves molecules and ions against the concentration gradient?

<p>Na-K pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these processes does NOT require a carrier protein?

<p>pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary carrier of membrane functions?

<p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a living cell is immersed in a hypotonic solution, what will happen to the water?

<p>move into the cell due to osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

When sodium ions cross a membrane through transport proteins that receive an energy boost, what is this an example of?

<p>active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a lipid bilayer, what is sandwiched between what?

<p>hydrophobic tails; hydrophilic heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are more specific examples of endocytosis?

<p>phagocytosis and pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport does not require energy but uses a protein to move substances from high to low concentration?

<p>facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classic example of active transport?

<p>The sodium/potassium pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport is nonspecific and involves a surrounding of the particle by the plasma membrane as the substance is taken into the cell?

<p>endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of bulk passage or bulk flow?

<p>endocytosis and exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport requires a protein and goes with the concentration gradient?

<p>facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport requires an input of energy to transport across a protein?

<p>active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport is dependent on a coupled phosphorylation mediated by a kinase enzyme?

<p>active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about enzymes is FALSE?

<p>activators and inhibitors always bind to the enzyme at their active sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do catalysts do?

<p>decrease activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does oxidation of a molecule result in?

<p>loss of an electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the substrate binding site on an enzyme called?

<p>active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does anaerobic refer to?

<p>a process requiring NO oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do vitamins function as?

<p>coenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is NOT associated with an enzyme?

<p>inorganic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for life on Earth?

<p>the sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason that the transition state of a reaction has such high potential energy on the classic energy diagram?

<p>altered 3-D structure of the reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the first law of thermodynamics tell us?

<p>energy can neither be created or destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathway does the Kreb's cycle best illustrate?

<p>cyclic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a rapid, renewable and near-universal mechanism for delivering energy in the body?

<p>Phosphate-group transfers from ATP to another molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some characteristics of enzymes?

<p>enhancers of reaction rates, influenced by pH, influenced by temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some components of electron transport systems?

<p>enzymes and cofactors, electron transfers, and cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the high energy storage and transport molecule utilized by the body?

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intermediate compound from the metabolic breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, AND fats?

<p>acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of fermentation?

<p>acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a eukaryotic cell, where does glycolysis take place?

<p>cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotic cells, where does oxidative respiration take place?

<p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these compounds is NOT a high-energy electron carrier?

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose?

<p>glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, TCA, ETS</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative respiration?

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of glycolysis?

<p>pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are ultimately produced by the breakdown of glucose in aerobic oxidation?

<p>36</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the electron transport system (ETS) occur?

<p>mitochondrial inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many NADH molecules are obtained from 2 turns of the Kreb's cycle?

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of fermentation?

<p>ethanol and lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis start and end?

<p>cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pathway of aerobic respiration completed?

<p>mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final acceptor of electrons that originally resided in glucose in thelast stage of aerobic respiration?

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance IS NOT involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)?

<p>PGAL</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT form during glycolysis?

<p>FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be used as an energy alternative to glucose in certain organisms and under certain conditions?

<p>glycerol, fatty acids, amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are ultimately generated from the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis alone?

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the remaining reactions in the fermentation pathways do?

<p>regenerate NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is broken in glucose when energy is extracted by aerobic respiration?

<p>covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes chlorophyll?

<p>it absorbs red light</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the electrons needed to reestablish chlorophyll in photosystem 2 come from?

<p>water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction is catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase (RuBISCO)?

<p>carbon fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>carbon fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>water, photosystem 2, photosystem 1, NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of oxygen produced in photosynthesis?

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the Calvin-Benson cycle start?

<p>carbon dioxide is attached to RuBP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a photosystem absorbs light?

<p>light-dependent reactions begin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientific Method & Definitions

  • Science defines knowledge about the universe and its methods of acquiring that knowledge.
  • Anyone can contribute to scientific facts.
  • Scientific facts rely on observations made with the senses, potentially amplified by equipment.
  • Equipment extends our senses, enabling more thorough observations.
  • Indirect evidence, like leaves blowing, points to the existence of air, but not definitively.
  • The scientific method's problem-identification is its first step.
  • A discussion section in a scientific study should clarify an interpretation of results but not include the dependent variable.
  • A null hypothesis is one stated negatively, often used as the control.
  • Quantitative observations measure amounts, like the mass of a chemical.
  • The control group allows for comparison in an experiment, and it is the constant portion.
  • The control remains unchanged unlike the experimental group.
  • Electrons orbit an atom in specific energy levels.
  • Ionic bonding results from gaining or losing electrons, not sharing them, and creates charged ions.
  • Water is the most abundant inorganic substance in cells.
  • An atom's atomic number is determined by its protons.
  • Sodium atoms lose an outer electron to become a sodium ion.
  • Isotopes of an element have a different number of neutrons, e.g., Carbon-14 has 8 neutrons.
  • Water's functions include acting as a solvent, absorbing heat, and lubricating, but isn't a direct energy source.

Organic Molecules & Cells

  • Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are all carbohydrates.
  • Lipids are energy-dense organic molecules in the body.
  • Proteins are the body's biological catalysts.
  • Nucleic acids store genetic information.
  • Carbohydrates provide immediate energy.
  • Electrons carry a negative charge.
  • Water molecules have polarity, heat resistance, and form hydrogen bonds.
  • Denatured molecules lose their hydrogen bonds and original function.
  • Hydrolysis is a breakdown reaction.
  • One carbon atom can bond with four other atoms.
  • Amino acids are the monomers of proteins.
  • Saccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates-
  • Cell membranes are primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins.
  • The cell theory states organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, cells come from cells, and spontaneous generation does not occur.
  • Organelles, in eukaryotic cells, compartmentalize and perform specialized functions.
  • Eukaryotic cells often have a cell wall, unlike most animal cells.
  • Some cell types have a cell wall exterior to the cell membrane.
  • The cell membrane's lipid bilayer is not inflexible or very stable.

Cell Membrane Transport

  • Proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer allow cell-membrane transport.
  • Glycolipids on the cell membrane aid with cell-to-cell recognition.
  • Cell membranes have receptor sites and serve as transport and recognition areas.
  • Phagocytosis ("cell eating") is a form of endocytosis.
  • Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, consuming energy.
  • Facilitated diffusion doesn't require energy; it uses proteins as carriers to aid the movement toward low concentration.
  • The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport.
  • Endocytosis (includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis) is nonspecific cellular transport that involves the membrane surrounding the particle.
  • Exocytosis is used by cells to release material.
  • The lipid bilayer is composed of hydrophobic tails sandwiched between hydrophilic heads.

Enzymes & Metabolism

  • Catalysts reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction.
  • Oxidation signifies losing electrons—
  • An enzyme's active site binds to its substrate (reactant).
  • Anaerobic processes do not require oxygen.
  • Vitamins act as coenzymes for enzymes.
  • An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes a reaction, and does not include inorganic substances, e.g., mineral ions are not considered enzymes.
  • The sun is a primary energy source for Earth,
  • The high energy state is due to the altered 3-D structure of the reactants.
  • The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
  • The Krebs cycle (TCA) demonstrates a cyclic pathway.
  • ATP rapidly delivers energy.
  • Enzymes are influenced by temperature and pH and their job is to speed up reaction rates.
  • Electron transport systems (ETS) employ enzymes, cofactors, and cell membranes.
  • ATP is a high-energy storage/transport molecule.
  • Acetyl CoA is a common intermediate in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolic pathways.
  • Fermentation does not produce acetyl CoA.
  • The aerobic respiration pathway is in the mitochondrion.
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm while oxidative respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

Photosynthesis

  • Chlorophyll is a pigment, it absorbs red light.
  • Photosystem II is the source of the electrons that replenish the chlorophyll in Photosystem II.
  • RuBP carboxylase (RuBisCO) catalyzes carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle.
  • Light reactions do not include carbon fixation.
  • The electron flow in light reactions is water to photosystem II, to photosystem I, to NADPH.
  • Photosynthesis' oxygen comes from water molecules.
  • The Calvin cycle (Benson-Calvin cycle) begins when carbon dioxide binds to RuBP.
  • The process of light absorption triggers the light-dependent reaction.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Test your understanding of the scientific method and key definitions related to science. This quiz covers concepts such as hypotheses, controls, and observations that are fundamental to scientific inquiry. Perfect for students looking to solidify their knowledge in scientific principles.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser