Scientific Method and Open Science Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes a theory from a hypothesis?

A hypothesis is broader than a theory.

A theory can be proven while a hypothesis cannot.

A hypothesis is based on extensive data, whereas a theory is not.

A theory is a tested explanation while a hypothesis is a prediction. (correct)

What is the primary goal of the open science movement?

To increase competition between researchers.

To limit access to scientific research.

To focus solely on quantitative research methods.

To promote transparency and accessibility in research. (correct)

What does a replication study aim to accomplish?

To introduce new variables to the original study.

To enhance the complexity of data analysis.

To only provide qualitative insights.

To confirm or refute the findings of the original study. (correct)

Which statement about peer-reviewed papers is true?

They undergo evaluation by experts before publication. Signup and view all the answers

What is social desirability bias in self-report measures?

An inclination to respond in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. Signup and view all the answers

Why is random sampling important in research?

It enhances the generalizability of study findings. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a mediator in research?

A variable through which an independent variable affects a dependent variable. Signup and view all the answers

What do the three types of validity in research assess?

The reliability, accuracy, and relevance of study results. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between generalization and discrimination in learning?

Generalization involves responding to similar stimuli, while discrimination involves responding differently to distinct stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains why blocking occurs in classical conditioning?

Prior conditioning prevents new associations from forming. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that drug tolerance develops, in relation to conditioning?

Conditioning creates an association between the drug and the environment, leading to tolerance. Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what does the 'ABC' model signify?

Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule is characterized by delivering reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses?

Variable-ratio schedule. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about primary and secondary reinforcers is true?

Primary reinforcers satisfy basic biological drives, whereas secondary reinforcers acquire their value through learning. Signup and view all the answers

What does latent learning involve, and how does it differ from classical conditioning?

Latent learning occurs without reinforcement and is not immediately apparent, while classical conditioning involves direct associations between stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of social learning theory was exemplified in the 'Bobo Doll' study?

Mimicry of violent behavior observed in others. Signup and view all the answers

What is REM behavior disorder and why does it occur?

It involves acting out dreams and results from a failure to inhibit motor activity during REM sleep. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that dreams are a way for the brain to make sense of random neural activity?

Activation-synthesis hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What does the term sleep deprivation refer to?

A lack of sleep that can affect cognitive and physiological functions. Signup and view all the answers

What are iconic and echoic memory?

Types of short-term memory; iconic for visual and echoic for auditory information. Signup and view all the answers

What is chunking in terms of memory?

The process of dividing information into smaller, manageable pieces to enhance recall. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia?

Anterograde amnesia affects memory leading to new information while retrograde affects past memories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of REM rebound?

An increase in REM sleep after periods of sleep deprivation. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes explicit memory from implicit memory?

Explicit memory involves facts and information, while implicit memory involves skills and tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes self-awareness?

The capacity to reflect on oneself and recognize one's own emotions and thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately differentiates between awareness and arousal?

Awareness involves cognitive processes, while arousal is associated with physiological activation. Signup and view all the answers

What does the spotlight effect refer to in the context of consciousness?

The phenomenon where individuals overestimate the degree to which others notice their behavior Signup and view all the answers

Inattentional blindness refers to what phenomenon?

The failure to notice an unexpected stimulus when attention is focused on a particular task Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best outlines the primary difference between Freud's and modern psychological views on consciousness?

Freud emphasized the dominance of the unconscious over consciousness, whereas modern views stress a more balanced interaction between them. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary insight gained from EEG studies regarding conscious awareness?

EEG studies highlight the neural correlates that are specific to states of consciousness and awareness. Signup and view all the answers

Which definition best describes the cocktail party phenomenon?

The capacity to detect one's name mentioned in a noisy environment despite being distracted Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the default mode network (DMN)?

It supports self-referential thought and mind wandering. Signup and view all the answers

What does the five-factor model primarily assess?

Dimensions of personality traits Signup and view all the answers

What do researchers often study to estimate heritability?

Twin studies Signup and view all the answers

What does rejection sensitivity refer to?

A tendency to expect and overreact to rejection Signup and view all the answers

How do psychologists differentiate between attachment styles?

Through observational behavior classifications Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle of the diathesis-stress model?

Genetic predispositions interact with environmental stressors Signup and view all the answers

What is self-verification theory focused on?

The motivation to maintain self-consistency Signup and view all the answers

What describes the nature of comorbidity?

The presence of multiple disorders concurrently Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attachment is characterized by a strong fear of abandonment?

Anxious attachment Signup and view all the answers

What does the term fundamental attribution error refer to?

Overemphasizing personality traits in others' behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes self-serving bias?

Taking credit for successes while blaming failures on external factors Signup and view all the answers

Which concept explains the tendency to assume others share our opinions and beliefs?

False consensus effect Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that people experience discomfort when they hold conflicting beliefs. Which method is commonly used to reduce this discomfort?

Changing one's beliefs to align with behavior Signup and view all the answers

Impression management strategies are used primarily to influence how one is perceived by others. Which strategy aims to promote oneself positively by highlighting achievements?

Self-promotion Signup and view all the answers

What is the Ikea effect in the context of cognitive dissonance?

Increasing the value of items one has assembled oneself Signup and view all the answers

In the context of groupthink, which factor increases the likelihood of poor decision-making?

Strong cohesive groups with high loyalty Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phenomenon where individuals feel less responsible to act in an emergency when others are present?

Bystander effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the smallest change in stimulus intensity that can be detected?

Just-noticeable difference Signup and view all the answers

What does Weber’s law state about the relationship between stimulus intensity and just-noticeable differences?

The ratio of change is constant across different intensities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of rods in the visual system?

They are sensitive to brightness but not color. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of feature detectors in visual processing?

To process simple visual patterns and shapes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the ventral 'what' pathway and the dorsal 'where' pathway in visual processing?

The ventral pathway processes visual details while the dorsal pathway focuses on spatial awareness. Signup and view all the answers

What do the terms liberal and conservative bias refer to in signal detection theory?

The inclination to report perceived signals versus the actual stimuli present. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the visual association cortex?

To integrate and interpret complex visual stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of top-down processing as demonstrated by illusory contours?

Visual stimuli are interpreted based on past experiences and context. Signup and view all the answers

What does the placebo effect primarily demonstrate?

The impact of psychological factors on physical health Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of double-blind procedures in experiments?

To reduce bias by keeping both researchers and participants unaware of group assignments Signup and view all the answers

What is internal validity concerned with?

The accuracy of the conclusions drawn from the study Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if a finding is statistically significant?

The probability of the results occurring by chance is very low Signup and view all the answers

Which measure describes the average value in a data set?

Mean Signup and view all the answers

What is external validity primarily concerned with?

The ability to apply findings to broader contexts or populations Signup and view all the answers

What does differential attrition refer to in research studies?

Loss of participants in a non-random manner that could bias results Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

To review research proposals for ethical compliance and participant safety Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an agonist from an antagonist in pharmacology?

An agonist enhances receptor activity while an antagonist blocks it. Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxytocin play in human behavior?

It promotes social bonding and reproductive behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for involuntary functions?

Autonomic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What does contralateral organization refer to in the context of the brain?

Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of knocking down or knocking out a gene?

To observe the effects on an organism's phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of genome-wide association studies (GWAS)?

They cannot establish causal relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical period in development?

A specific window of time during which certain experiences must occur for development to proceed normally. Signup and view all the answers

What is phantom limb syndrome an example of?

Misinterpretation of sensory information by the brain. Signup and view all the answers

Which model emphasizes the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental influences on behavior?

Diathesis-stress model Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

To transmit signals across synapses Signup and view all the answers

How do the primary somatosensory and motor cortices exhibit topographical organization?

Areas are allocated based on the physical size of body parts. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary cortex from association cortex?

Primary cortex processes sensory information while association cortex integrates it. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes epigenetic changes?

Reversible modifications that affect gene expression Signup and view all the answers

What does behavioral genetics primarily study?

The inheritance of specific psychological traits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily associated with mood regulation?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'myelin sheath' refer to in neuronal function?

A fatty insulating layer surrounding axons Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of mind wandering?

It often leads to increased creativity. Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon illustrates one of the challenges involved in studying consciousness?

Inattentional blindness Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the preconscious mind in Freud's theory?

It includes thoughts that can easily become conscious. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the spotlight effect in social psychology?

Believing others notice us more than they actually do. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a benefit of mind wandering?

Enhanced problem-solving abilities. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain phenomenon is characterized by an inability to perceive stimuli on one side of space?

Spatial hemi-neglect Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of subliminal perception in consciousness?

It involves processing stimuli below conscious awareness. Signup and view all the answers

What does change blindness reveal about human perception?

Individuals can rarely notice changes in their environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of cognitive dissonance theory?

It suggests that inconsistency between beliefs can cause psychological discomfort. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most likely to lead to groupthink?

High levels of group cohesion. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the tendency for individuals to perceive their own actions in a favorable light, often attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external ones?

Self-serving bias. Signup and view all the answers

What does the false consensus effect refer to?

The belief that one's personal opinions are shared by a majority of others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of impression management strategies?

To manipulate perceptions of oneself to others. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is illustrated by Festinger & Carlsmith's (1959) research in relation to cognitive dissonance?

Low external rewards can create a sense of internal conflict. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of spreading the alternatives refer to in the context of cognitive dissonance?

The act of comparing the benefits of rejected options to reinforce chosen alternatives. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the diffusion of responsibility phenomenon?

The tendency for individuals to feel less personal obligation to act when others are present. Signup and view all the answers

How does signal detection theory distinguish between a liberal and conservative bias?

Liberal bias results in more false alarms, whereas conservative bias decreases them. Signup and view all the answers

What does Weber’s law state regarding just-noticeable differences?

The just-noticeable difference is proportional to the initial stimulus intensity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rods in the human eye?

To enable vision in low-light conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of rhodopsin in the visual process?

It aids in the dark adaptation process by changing sensitivity. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory describes how color vision is processed by the visual system?

The trichromatic theory explains color perception using three types of receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of visual agnosia?

It is the inability to recognize familiar objects or faces despite intact vision. Signup and view all the answers

How do binocular cues assist in depth perception?

They are based on the convergence of the eyes when focusing on a close object. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of feature detectors in the visual system?

They are specialized neurons that respond to specific visual stimuli, such as lines or edges. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of REM sleep that contributes to its nickname 'paradoxical sleep'?

High brain activity resembling wakefulness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories suggests that dreaming helps process emotions?

Information processing theory Signup and view all the answers

What happens during REM rebound after a period of sleep deprivation?

Extended amounts of REM sleep in following sleep cycles Signup and view all the answers

Which term defines sleep disturbances that can occur during REM, such as acting out dreams?

REM behavior disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter are hallucinogens chemically similar to?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What is the key purpose of hypnosis in therapeutic settings?

To facilitate deep relaxation and focus Signup and view all the answers

In the multistore model of memory, which stage is primarily responsible for retaining information for immediate use?

Working memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the difference between manifest and latent content in Freud’s theory of dreaming?

Manifest content reflects conscious wishes; latent content is its underlying meaning Signup and view all the answers

How does the immediacy of the victim impact obedience levels in a study?

Closer proximity to the victim generally increases obedience. Signup and view all the answers

How do wanting and liking differ as constructs in psychology?

Wanting refers to the anticipation of a reward, while liking is the enjoyment from receiving it. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of an attitude?

Emotion, behavior, and cognition. Signup and view all the answers

What does alliesthesia refer to in psychological terms?

The phenomenon where a stimulus is perceived differently depending on the internal state of an individual. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the central route to attitude change in the elaboration likelihood model?

Change is based on careful consideration and deep processing. Signup and view all the answers

How does Harlow's understanding of attachment differ from traditional behaviorists?

Harlow emphasized the role of affectional bonding rather than just reinforcement through rewards. Signup and view all the answers

What is internalization in the context of social influence?

Accepting new information as part of personal belief systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary idea behind Bowlby’s attachment theory?

Attachment is an instinctual behavior meant for survival and development. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in regulating appetite?

It integrates signals related to hunger and satiety to regulate food intake. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes compliance in social behavior?

A public agreement without private acceptance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following additions is true regarding achievement motivation?

Achievement motivation can drive individuals to set and meet personal goals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of automatic mimicry in social interactions?

It enhances social bonds and rapport. Signup and view all the answers

What is the norm of reciprocity in social psychology?

An obligation to return a favor even without request. Signup and view all the answers

How do glucostatic and lipostatic hypotheses explain hunger regulation?

Both hypotheses suggest that hunger is influenced through different metabolic signals in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes normative social influence from informational social influence?

Normative influence leads to public acceptance while informational influence leads to private acceptance. Signup and view all the answers

What does heritability estimate in psychological research?

The genetic contribution to individual differences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes person x situation interaction?

The interplay between individual characteristics and situational context Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of self-concept in psychology?

The set of beliefs about oneself Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by a strong fear of abandonment?

Anxious attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is sociometer theory primarily concerned with?

Measuring personal self-esteem as a social indicator Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines comorbidity in psychological disorders?

The simultaneous occurrence of multiple disorders Signup and view all the answers

What practice is typically involved in clinical assessment of psychological disorders?

Combining interviews, tests, and observations Signup and view all the answers

What is the false consensus effect?

The assumption that others share the same opinions as oneself. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes effort justification?

Rationalizing commitments to reduce feelings of dissonance. Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive dissonance theory primarily concerned with?

The discomfort caused by holding conflicting beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is NOT an impression management technique?

Groupthink Signup and view all the answers

What best describes group polarization?

Enhancement of group members' pre-existing beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'spreading the alternatives' refer to?

The tendency to minimize the downsides of a chosen option. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social judgments, which of the following is a common factor that can lead to error?

Too much reliance on personal beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmation bias?

The tendency to search for information that supports one's existing beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Study Guide Information

This is a study guide for the PSYC 100 final exam.
The exam will cover all material from the course.
Emphasis will be placed on material covered after the second midterm; more questions per unit exist in the later units.
The study guide includes clarifications for previous study guides.

Unit 1: Introduction

Psychology, Mind, and Behavior: Defines these terms.
Social Cognition: Definition.
Folk Psychology: Explains folk psychology theories, their origins, and differences from scientific psychology.
Limitations of Personal Experience and Intuition: Discusses inattentional blindness, the illusion of attention, confirmation bias, and belief perseverance. Provides examples of subtle contextual factors influencing behavior.
Misattribution of Arousal: Definition.
Replication Studies: Definition and importance.
Summative Science: Definition of psychology as a summative science.
Areas of Psychology: Identifies different areas (e.g., biological, evolutionary, cultural, social, clinical), and their focus.
Critical Thinking: Discusses evaluating claims.
Effective Studying: Details research-based study strategies.

Unit 2: Research Methods

Scientific Method: Summarizing the scientific method. Definitions of theory, hypothesis, and data. Distinguishes between a theory and a hypothesis. Replication study and open science movement.
Paper Peer-Review: Definition.
Variables: Definition and types (measured, manipulated) and provides operational definitions.
Self-Report Measures: Definition, advantages and disadvantages, including social desirability bias.
Behavioral Observation: Definition, advantages, disadvantages and reactivity.
Indirect Measurement: Definition, examples, advantages and disadvantages.
Population, Sample, and Random Samples: Definitions, why a random sample is important and when non-random sampling can be misleading.
Descriptive Research: Definition, case studies, and correlational research.
Correlation and Causation: Interpreting strength and direction of relationships from scatterplots and correlation coefficients, and why correlations don't prove causation.
Experiments and Causation: Why experiments can establish causation. Distinction between independent and dependent variables. Random assignment and control groups.
Validity: Definition and types; measurement validity, reliability, internal validity, and external validity; factors that threaten internal or external validity (e.g., differential attrition).
Effect Size: Definition.
Null Hypothesis Testing: Definition and p-value, and factors affecting its size.
Central Tendency: Three measures of central tendency.
Descriptive Statistics: Frequency distribution, mean, median, mode, standard deviation.
Institutional Review Board: (IRB): Purpose and ethical principles guiding research proposals. Importance of informed consent. Potential violations of research principles (e.g., autonomy) and how to mitigate issues like deception.
Non-human Animal Research: Three key principles of research with non-human animal subjects.

Unit 3: Genetics and Evolutionary Foundations of Behavior

Biological terms (genome, DNA, chromosome, gene, allele, genotype, phenotype).
Principles of dominance (dominant vs recessive alleles) and heterozygous vs homozygous genotypes.
Gene-environment interaction.
Candidate Gene Studies and Genome-Wide Association Studies: Their uses and limitations.
Diathesis-stress and differential susceptibility models.
Gene expression.
Epigenetic change.
Behavioral Genetics and Heritability.
Twin Studies and Heritability estimates.
Artificial selection vs Natural selection.
Adaptation and differential fitness.
Functionalism.
Distal and proximate explanations, and the need to belong.

Unit 4: The Biological Bases of Behavior

Neurons: Types, structures, and function.
Synaptic Communication: Action potentials, neurotransmitters, receptors, and synaptic clefts.
Neurotransmitters: GABA, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins; their functions.
Psychoactive Drugs: Agonists, antagonists. Endogenous opioid system.
Nervous System: Definition, subdivisions and functions, conscious and unconscious control.
Endocrine System: Pituitary gland, role of hormones such as oxytocin, and relationships to social behavior.
Spinal Reflexes.
Parts of the Brain: Pons, medulla oblongata, reticular formation, cerebellum, limbic system, and their functions. Specific areas like Capgras syndrome, cerebral cortex, and its components.
Language Centers: Broca's and Wernicke's areas and their functions.
Brain Organization: Contralateral organization, lateralization, and other aspects.
Phantom Limb Syndrome: Definition and example.
Neural Plasticity: Definition and examples.

Unit 5: Sensation and Perception

Color Constancy, Stimulus, Sensation, Transduction, & Perception: Definitions
Psychophysics: Absolute threshold, Signal detection theory, Just noticeable difference (JND), Weber's law, Adaptation.
Vision: Eye structure (photoreceptors, cones, rods, transduction, dark adaptation).
Color Vision Theories: Trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory.
Visual Information Processing: Feature detectors, ventral and dorsal pathways, visual association areas, and visual agnosia & prosopagnosia (visual recognition deficits).
Depth Perception: Binocular and monocular cues.
Gestalt Principles: Figure-ground, proximity, closure, similarity, continuation.
Auditory System: Components and functions, place theory, and frequency theory.
Touch: Tactile agnosia, touch receptors
Special Senses: Smell, taste, etc.
Interoception and Proprioception: Definitions.
Vestibular System, and Motion Sickness: Role of vestibular systems.

Unit 6: Learning

Learning: Define learning and distinguish between non-associative and associative learning.
Habituation, Dishabituation, and Sensitization: Definitions.
Classical Conditioning: CS, US, CR, UR, acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
Operant Conditioning: Law of effect; reinforcement and punishment, primary vs. secondary reinforcers, shaping, delay discounting, continuous vs partial reinforcement schedules, contingency vs contiguity.
Blocking, Counterconditioning, and Overdoses: Concepts.
Preparedness and Observational Learning: Concepts and their application to real-life examples.
Latent Learning: Definition and concepts related to memory.
Insight Learning: Definition and examples.
Memory Constructiveness & Errors: Misinformation effect, source memory, source amnesia, reality monitoring, and imagination inflation.
Gist vs Verbatim Memory: Definition and difference.
Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm: Concept, and examples.

Unit 7: Consciousness

Consciousness: Definition, challenges.
Awareness and Arousal: Definition and differences.
Attention (Spotlight Effect etc.): Definition and examples.
Mind Wandering: Nature, functions, and costs/benefits as studied.
Levels of the Mind: Conscious, preconscious, unconscious.
Cocktail-Party Phenomenon: Definition and concepts.
Subliminal Perception: Definition and studies.
Sleep-Wake Cycle: Stages of sleep and their functions (e.g., REM).
Default Mode Network (DMN): Definition and activity patterns.
Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgeibers: Role of environmental cues.
Biological Rhythms and Sleep-Wake Cycle: The biological mechanisms regulating the sleep-wake cycle.
Sleep Deprivation: Effects
Dreaming: Freud's theory, activation-synthesis hypothesis, and other theories.
Drugs: Depressants and stimulants, like alcohol and hallucinogens.
Hypnosis: Definition and hypnotic analgesia.

Unit 8: Memory

Stages of Memory: Sensory, short-term, and long-term.
Multistore Model of Memory: Iconic and echoic memory
Working Memory: Definition, components, (phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive). Chunking.
Long-Term Memory: Serial position curve, recency effect, primacy effect, levels of processing theory, elaboration, semantic encoding, and self-referential encoding.
Memory Impairments: Anterograde and retrograde amnesia (and their relationship to memory)
Explicit vs Implicit Memory: Definition and examples.
Priming and Affective Conditioning: Definition and examples (implied or explicit memory).
Memory Consolidation: Definition and processes.
Encoding Specificity Principle: Definition and examples.
Prospective Memory: Definition and examples.
Interference: Retroactive and proactive interference.
Memory Distortion and Errors: Source memory, source amnesia, reality monitoring, misinformation effect, and imagination inflation.
Gist and Verbatim memory: Differences.
False Memory: Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm.

Unit 9: Motivation & Emotion

Motives: Instinct, homeostasis, drive-reduction theory.
Pain: Sensory vs. affective components; the pain matrix.
Reward Processes, Alliesthesia: Definition and concepts.
Attachment: Harlow's research, Bowlby's theory, and the brain opioid theory of attachment
Hunger Regulation: Glucostatic and lipostatic hypotheses
Hypothalamus & Eating: Role of the hypothalamus in regulating appetite.
Sexual Motivation: Hormonal influences, ovulation cues.
Achievement Motivation: Performance vs mastery orientation, and the different types of goals.
Emotion: Components; James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories.
Appraisals: Definition, emotional Granularity, and Alexythmia
Emotion Regulation: Suppressing and reappraising.
Misattribution of Arousal: Definition, examples, and consequences.
Emotional Granularity & Alexithymia: Definition and examples
Functionalist perspective on emotion: Definition, applications, and examples.

Social Psychology: Definition, "big ideas," obedience, conformity.
Milgram Experiment & Obedience: Factors influencing obedience.
Conformity: Automatic mimicry, normative and informational social influence, internalization.
Attitudes: Components and the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM).
Persuasion: Techniques.
Compliance: Norm of reciprocity, the foot-in-the-door technique, the door-in-the-face technique.
First Impressions: Initial snap judgments and their impact.
Schemas & Stereotypes: Definition, types (person, event) and effects.
Social Cognition: Top-down vs bottom-up processing, schemas, person perception.
Fundamental Attribution Error: Define, and apply to examples.
Self-Serving bias: Definition, and apply to examples.
Cognitive Dissonance: Definition, examples and reduction strategies.
Confirmation Bias: Definition and examples.
Group Polarization: Definition and factors affecting it.
Groupthink: Definition and factors affecting it..
Bystander effect: Definition and its factors (pluralistic ignorance, and diffusion of responsibility).

Unit 11: Personality

Personality: Definition, psychodynamic view (Freud’s theory), and the trait approach.
Trait Approach: Functional equivalent situations, the Lexical Hypothesis, the Five-Factor Model, Heritability and Twin Studies.
Person-Situation Interaction: Definition and examples.
Attachment Style: Secure, anxious, avoidant, and interpersonal aspects.
Self-Concept: Self-esteem, self-enhancement, self-verification theories.
Social Comparison and Self-perception Theory: Definition and relevance to self-concept.
Narcissism: Definition and features.
Collectivism & Individualism: Interdependent and independent self-construals.

Unit 12: Psychological Disorders & Treatment

Prevalence: Point vs. Lifetime prevalence
Psychological Disorders: Challenges in defining, ADHD, specific phobia, social anxiety, panic disorder, generalized anxiety, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Comorbidity & Concordance rates.
Assessment: Methods and components of a clinical assessment.
Theoretical Approaches to Disorders: Diathesis-stress models
Diagnosis: Concepts like diagnosis and treatment planning and associated challenges.
Treatment: Drug treatments, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), third wave therapies, and other methods.
Therapy-Specific Techniques: Exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, token economy, and shaping.
Cognitive Therapy: Negative cognitive triad
Therapeutic Alliance: Definition.
Common Factors in Therapy: Regression to the mean.

Unit 13: Stress & Health

Biopsychosocial Models of Health and Disease: Definition and distinction between biomedical and biopsychosocial models.
Stress Response: Neural and physiological pathways, including the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Allostatic Load: Definition and chronic stress effects.
Stress Appraisal Theory: Primary and secondary appraisals; challenge vs. threat.
Stress-Related Outcomes: Physical effects.
Social Support: Definition and relation to health.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in scientific research, including the differences between theories and hypotheses, the goals of the open science movement, and the importance of replication studies. This quiz also assesses your knowledge of peer review processes in academic publishing.