Scientific Method and Experimental Design

A potential answer to a research question that can be tested through an experiment.

The process used by scientists to investigate and understand the world around us. It involves a series of steps to answer questions in a systematic way.

The aspect of an experiment that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the researcher.

The aspect of an experiment that is measured or observed to see if it changes in response to the independent variable.

Information gathered through observation, experimentation, or measurement. It's the evidence that supports or refutes a hypothesis.

The analysis of data collected from an experiment to determine whether the results support or refute the hypothesis.

A formal evaluation of a scientific study by other scientists in the same field to ensure the quality, reliability, and validity of the research.

A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is supported by a large body of evidence from multiple experiments and observations.

A trend or influence that might affect the results of an experiment in a particular direction, potentially leading to inaccurate conclusions.

A statement of the problem or question that an experiment is designed to investigate.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It defines the element.

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. It is unique for each isotope.

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons.

Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. They determine the atom's reactivity.

The weighted average of the mass numbers of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element.

The lowest energy level in an atom where electrons reside. It is stable and electrons are typically found here.

A state where an electron has absorbed energy and moved to a higher energy level.

Elements with a full valence shell of 8 electrons. They are very stable and unreactive.

A horizontal row on the periodic table representing elements with the same number of electron shells.

A vertical column on the periodic table representing elements with similar chemical properties.

The study of matter and energy, covering topics like engineering, mechanics, heat, light, and sound.

Branch of science focusing on the properties of molecules and their interactions during chemical reactions.

The study of life, encompassing various scales from microscopic cells to vast ecosystems.

A substance made up of only one type of atom, sharing similar physical and chemical properties.

The smallest unit of matter retaining the properties of an element.

Positively charged subatomic particles located in the nucleus of an atom, determining an element's atomic number.

Neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom, contributing to its mass.

Negatively charged subatomic particles orbiting the nucleus in an electron cloud, involved in chemical reactions and bonding.

Generalized regions around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are most likely to be found.

Specific shapes within electron clouds where electrons are most likely to be found, denoted by letters s, p, d, and f.

The process of a cell taking in molecules and particles by folding its membrane inward to form vesicles.

A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large substances, like bacteria.

A type of endocytosis where the cell takes in fluids and dissolved substances.

A specific type of endocytosis where the cell takes in specific molecules recognized by receptor proteins on its membrane.

Tiny cave-like structures in the cell membrane involved in non-clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

The process of releasing material from the cell through a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane.

The process that occurs in chloroplasts to convert light energy into food.

A tiny organ-like structure within a cell that performs a specific function.

The first stage of photosynthesis where light energy is captured and stored in ATP and NADPH.

The second stage of photosynthesis where the energy from the light-dependent reaction is used to make glucose.