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Questions and Answers
What is a key role of the central vacuole in plant cells?
What is a key role of the central vacuole in plant cells?
Which process is primarily responsible for secreting new materials or releasing undigested substances outside the cell?
Which process is primarily responsible for secreting new materials or releasing undigested substances outside the cell?
Which part of the chloroplast houses the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
Which part of the chloroplast houses the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
What are the two processes that occur during photosynthesis?
What are the two processes that occur during photosynthesis?
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How does the cell wall contribute to a plant cell's function?
How does the cell wall contribute to a plant cell's function?
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What primarily determines the physical and chemical properties of an element?
What primarily determines the physical and chemical properties of an element?
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Which phase change represents the transition from a gas to a liquid?
Which phase change represents the transition from a gas to a liquid?
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What is the term for the high-energy, low-density state of matter commonly found in lightning?
What is the term for the high-energy, low-density state of matter commonly found in lightning?
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Which subatomic particle orbits the nucleus in an electron cloud and has a negative charge?
Which subatomic particle orbits the nucleus in an electron cloud and has a negative charge?
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In which energy level are the lowest energy electrons found in relation to the nucleus?
In which energy level are the lowest energy electrons found in relation to the nucleus?
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Which of the following describes a compound?
Which of the following describes a compound?
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What characteristic of an atom is defined by the atomic number?
What characteristic of an atom is defined by the atomic number?
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Which process allows electrons to move to a higher energy level temporarily?
Which process allows electrons to move to a higher energy level temporarily?
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What is a characteristic of a solid state of matter?
What is a characteristic of a solid state of matter?
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Why is Latin commonly used in the naming of organisms?
Why is Latin commonly used in the naming of organisms?
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What is the primary purpose of the scientific method?
What is the primary purpose of the scientific method?
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Which variable should remain constant in an experiment to ensure valid results?
Which variable should remain constant in an experiment to ensure valid results?
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What is the significance of peer review in the scientific method?
What is the significance of peer review in the scientific method?
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How can scientific biases affect experimental outcomes?
How can scientific biases affect experimental outcomes?
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At which step does the empirical data collection occur in the scientific method?
At which step does the empirical data collection occur in the scientific method?
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What is a scientific theory?
What is a scientific theory?
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Why is background research critical before forming a hypothesis?
Why is background research critical before forming a hypothesis?
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What determines the statistical significance in an experiment?
What determines the statistical significance in an experiment?
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What is the relationship between atomic mass and isotopes of an element?
What is the relationship between atomic mass and isotopes of an element?
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How are different isotopes of the same element represented notationally?
How are different isotopes of the same element represented notationally?
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Which of these best describes the organization of the modern periodic table?
Which of these best describes the organization of the modern periodic table?
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Which statement accurately distinguishes between elements and compounds?
Which statement accurately distinguishes between elements and compounds?
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What defines the atomic number of an element?
What defines the atomic number of an element?
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How does phagocytosis differ from pinocytosis in endocytosis processes?
How does phagocytosis differ from pinocytosis in endocytosis processes?
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What is the significance of Dmitri Mendeleev in the development of the periodic table?
What is the significance of Dmitri Mendeleev in the development of the periodic table?
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Which factor is not directly identified using trends in the periodic table?
Which factor is not directly identified using trends in the periodic table?
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Which component assists in the specific form of endocytosis known as receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Which component assists in the specific form of endocytosis known as receptor-mediated endocytosis?
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What defines a compound, distinguishing it from a molecule?
What defines a compound, distinguishing it from a molecule?
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Flashcards
Scientific Method
Scientific Method
A series of steps used by scientists to answer questions about the world.
Question
Question
The problem that an experiment is looking to answer.
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
A potential answer for the research question that can be tested.
Independent Variable
Independent Variable
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Empirical Data
Empirical Data
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Conclusion
Conclusion
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Biases
Biases
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Mass Number
Mass Number
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Isotopes
Isotopes
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Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass
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Atomic Number
Atomic Number
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Periodic Table
Periodic Table
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Law of Triads
Law of Triads
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Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds
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Endocytosis
Endocytosis
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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Lysosomes
Lysosomes
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
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Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle
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Vacuoles
Vacuoles
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Experimental Design
Experimental Design
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Root of a Word
Root of a Word
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Prefixes and Suffixes
Prefixes and Suffixes
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States of Matter
States of Matter
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Physical Properties
Physical Properties
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Valence Electrons
Valence Electrons
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Electron Clouds
Electron Clouds
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Protons
Protons
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Chemical Properties
Chemical Properties
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Study Notes
Scientific Method
- A series of steps used by scientists to answer questions about the world.
- Steps may vary depending on the experiment and discipline.
- Steps include: question, background research, hypothesis, experiment, data analysis, conclusion.
- Supported hypotheses may become theories.
- Biases can invalidate experiments.
Experimental Design
- An invaluable process in science to support or refute hypotheses.
- Begins with an observation leading to a question and informed hypothesis.
- Five steps: variable definition, hypothesis formulation, experimental design, subject assignment, dependent variable measurement.
- Careful research and completion of five steps are crucial for good experiments.
Scientific Vocabulary
- Much scientific vocabulary originates from Greek and Latin.
- Greek used by early scientists.
- Latin often used in naming organisms due to universality.
- Word parts (prefixes, roots, suffixes) and morphemes aid understanding.
- Root is the primary word part; prefix precedes, suffix follows.
Learning Styles
- Auditory (learning by hearing).
- Visual (learning by sight).
- Hands-on (learning by doing).
- Holistic (building on prior knowledge).
- Analytic (breaking concepts into parts).
Matter
- Anything that has mass and takes up space.
- Has physical and chemical properties.
- Physical properties don't change composition (color, mass, density).
- Chemical properties relate to changes in composition (pH, reactivity).
- Corrosion (e.g., rusting) is a destructive chemical property.
- Matter types: pure substances (elements and compounds), mixtures.
States of Matter
- Four common states: solid, liquid, gas, plasma.
- Solid: low energy, high density, definite volume and shape (e.g., ice).
- Liquid: moderate energy, moderate density, definite volume, indefinite shape (e.g., water).
- Gas: high energy, low density, indefinite volume and shape (e.g., water vapor).
- Plasma: extremely high energy, low density, indefinite volume and shape (e.g., lightning).
- Matter can transition between states (melting, freezing, condensation, evaporation, sublimation, deposition, ionization, deionization).
Atoms
- The smallest unit of matter retaining element properties.
- Elements are substances of the same atom type.
- Elements defined by atomic number (number of protons).
- Protons: positively charged subatomic particles (1 amu), in the nucleus.
- Neutrons: neutral subatomic particles (1 amu), in the nucleus.
- Electrons: negatively charged subatomic particles orbiting the nucleus.
- Electrons participate in chemical reactions and bonding.
Electron Clouds and Subshells
- Electrons located in electron clouds (generalized regions).
- Electron clouds contain subshells (s, p, d, f).
- Electrons at different energy levels (7).
- Inner levels hold lower energy electrons.
- Outermost electrons are valence electrons, determining atom properties.
- Valence electron number given by group number on periodic table.
- Atoms tend to have full valence shells of 8 electrons.
Subatomic Particles
- Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Proton: positively charged, 1 amu, nucleus.
- Neutron: no charge, 1 amu, nucleus.
- Electron: negatively charged, no mass, outside nucleus.
- Atomic number (Z): number of protons (same for all atoms of an element).
- Mass number (A): number of protons and neutrons.
- Isotopes: atoms of same element with different neutron counts.
- Atomic mass: weighted average of isotope masses.
Elements and the Periodic Table
- All matter is made of elements (pure substances, indivisible by chemical means).
- Elements organized on the Periodic Table.
- Atomic number = number of protons and electrons.
- Periodic Table arrangement by periods (rows) and groups (columns).
- Elements categorized as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.
- Periodic Table trends identify element properties (valence electrons, atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity).
Molecules, Compounds, and Elements
- Atoms form molecules by sharing, gaining, or losing electrons.
- Molecules are one or more elements.
- Simple molecules (few atoms, covalent bonds), complex molecules (combination of simple molecules).
- Compound: pure substance of two or more different elements chemically bonded.
- All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds.
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
- Endocytosis: importing molecules/particles into the cell by membrane folding.
- Phagocytosis (nonspecific, "eating").
- Pinocytosis (nonspecific, "drinking").
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis (specific).
- Caveolae (non-clathrin based).
- Endocytosed substances can fuse with lysosomes for digestion.
- Exocytosis: secreting material outside the cell via vesicle fusion with membrane.
- Exocytosis releases undigested material, new material, and membrane components.
Photosynthesis
- Process in plant chloroplasts turning light energy into food.
- Two processes: light-dependent reaction (ATP/NADPH production, oxygen release in thylakoid); Calvin cycle (glucose production in stroma).
- Chloroplasts structure (DNA, stroma, ribosomes, chlorophyll, membranes, granum, thylakoid, lamella, lumen).
- Thylakoids house light-dependent reactions.
- Chlorophyll absorbs specific light wavelengths.
- Stroma provides volume.
Plant Cells: Vacuoles and Cell Walls
- Plant cells have vacuoles for water storage, waste elimination.
- Central vacuoles maintain turgor pressure.
- Cell walls, made of cellulose, provide strength and flexibility.
- Turgor pressure develops in hypotonic environments.
- Vacuoles lose water in isotonic or hypertonic environments, impacting cell shape.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the scientific method and experimental design! This quiz covers the essential steps used by scientists to form hypotheses, conduct experiments, and analyze data. Additionally, you will explore the vocabulary that underpins scientific discourse.
