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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of Classical Theory?
What is the primary goal of Classical Theory?
- Social responsibility
- Employee satisfaction
- Innovation
- Productivity (correct)
Which approach is NOT a part of the Classical Theory?
Which approach is NOT a part of the Classical Theory?
- Bureaucratic Model
- Scientific Management
- Systems Approach (correct)
- Administrative Management Theory
What motivated workers according to Classical Theory?
What motivated workers according to Classical Theory?
- Job satisfaction
- Social recognition
- Work-life balance
- Economic incentives (correct)
What significant change did Classical Theory respond to?
What significant change did Classical Theory respond to?
Which aspect does Classical Theory emphasize?
Which aspect does Classical Theory emphasize?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Classical Theory's organizational structure?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Classical Theory's organizational structure?
What does the principle of 'Subordination of Individual Interests' emphasize?
What does the principle of 'Subordination of Individual Interests' emphasize?
Which principle focuses on fair compensation for employees?
Which principle focuses on fair compensation for employees?
What does 'Stability of Tenure of Personnel' indicate about employee turnover?
What does 'Stability of Tenure of Personnel' indicate about employee turnover?
Which principle promotes a clear hierarchy within an organization?
Which principle promotes a clear hierarchy within an organization?
What is the primary focus of the principle 'Esprit de Corps'?
What is the primary focus of the principle 'Esprit de Corps'?
Who is considered the Father of Scientific Management?
Who is considered the Father of Scientific Management?
What is the main aim of the scientific method in management?
What is the main aim of the scientific method in management?
Which of the following is NOT part of the scientific method as described in scientific management?
Which of the following is NOT part of the scientific method as described in scientific management?
What does measurement in the scientific method involve?
What does measurement in the scientific method involve?
Which principle is emphasized in the Scientific Management approach regarding workers?
Which principle is emphasized in the Scientific Management approach regarding workers?
What does inference involve in the context of scientific management?
What does inference involve in the context of scientific management?
What was the primary focus of Classical Theory?
What was the primary focus of Classical Theory?
What primary focus does administrative management theory emphasize regarding management hierarchy?
What primary focus does administrative management theory emphasize regarding management hierarchy?
Which of the following contributed to the Pre-scientific Management Period?
Which of the following contributed to the Pre-scientific Management Period?
During which period did the Classical Theory emerge?
During which period did the Classical Theory emerge?
Which of the following is NOT one of Fayol's 14 Principles of Management?
Which of the following is NOT one of Fayol's 14 Principles of Management?
What was a characteristic of the Classical Theory in terms of management structure?
What was a characteristic of the Classical Theory in terms of management structure?
What is one key element involved in the administrative management theory?
What is one key element involved in the administrative management theory?
How does the concept of 'Division of Work' benefit organizational outcomes?
How does the concept of 'Division of Work' benefit organizational outcomes?
Which approach is NOT part of the Neo-Classical Theory?
Which approach is NOT part of the Neo-Classical Theory?
What was prioritized in the Classical Theory aside from productivity?
What was prioritized in the Classical Theory aside from productivity?
What does the principle of 'Unity of Direction' require from employees?
What does the principle of 'Unity of Direction' require from employees?
What does the top-down approach in administrative management focus on?
What does the top-down approach in administrative management focus on?
What characterized the Pre-Scientific Management Period?
What characterized the Pre-Scientific Management Period?
Which of the following was NOT a contributor in the Pre-Scientific Management Period?
Which of the following was NOT a contributor in the Pre-Scientific Management Period?
Which management theory focuses on the use of systematic procedures?
Which management theory focuses on the use of systematic procedures?
What approach does Modern Theory NOT include?
What approach does Modern Theory NOT include?
The Hawthorne Experiment is associated with which management theory?
The Hawthorne Experiment is associated with which management theory?
What defines management in the Pre-Scientific Management Period?
What defines management in the Pre-Scientific Management Period?
What is the main focus of administrative management theory?
What is the main focus of administrative management theory?
Which of the following is NOT one of Fayol's five elements of management?
Which of the following is NOT one of Fayol's five elements of management?
Which principle states that an employee should receive orders from a single supervisor?
Which principle states that an employee should receive orders from a single supervisor?
Who is known as the Father of Modern Management?
Who is known as the Father of Modern Management?
Which of the following principles emphasizes the need for proper conduct among individuals?
Which of the following principles emphasizes the need for proper conduct among individuals?
What approach does administrative management theory typically follow?
What approach does administrative management theory typically follow?
What was a central focus of Classical Theory?
What was a central focus of Classical Theory?
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of the Classical Theory's leadership structure?
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of the Classical Theory's leadership structure?
What is the main motivation for people according to Classical Theory?
What is the main motivation for people according to Classical Theory?
Which period marked the emergence of Classical Theory?
Which period marked the emergence of Classical Theory?
Which of the following is NOT a part of Classical Theory?
Which of the following is NOT a part of Classical Theory?
What is considered the primary goal of Classical Theory?
What is considered the primary goal of Classical Theory?
What does 'Subordination of Individual Interests' emphasize?
What does 'Subordination of Individual Interests' emphasize?
Which principle relates to the fairness of employee compensation?
Which principle relates to the fairness of employee compensation?
What is the focus of the 'Scalar Chain' principle?
What is the focus of the 'Scalar Chain' principle?
Which principle suggests that companies should limit employee replacement?
Which principle suggests that companies should limit employee replacement?
What does 'Esprit de Corps' aim to enhance in a workplace?
What does 'Esprit de Corps' aim to enhance in a workplace?
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Study Notes
Scientific Management Theory
- Frederick W. Taylor is recognized as the Father of Scientific Management.
- Utilizes a step-by-step scientific approach to establish the most efficient way to perform tasks.
- Key components of the scientific method include:
- Observation: Collect data through close monitoring.
- Measurement: Use standardized units for accuracy and consistency.
- Experimentation: Test hypotheses while evaluating cause-and-effect relationships.
- Inference: Draw logical conclusions based on gathered data.
Principles of Scientific Management
- Emphasizes the identification of "the one best way" to perform a job.
- Advocates for scientific selection and training of workers, promoting cooperation between managers and employees.
- Introduces pay-for-performance systems.
Evolution of Management Theories
- Pre-Scientific Management Period: Informal management practices influenced by the Roman Catholic Church, military structures, and early thinkers like Charles Babbage and James Watt.
- Classical Theory (1900-1920s):
- Focuses on efficiency driven by economic incentives.
- Key characteristics include centralized leadership, labor specialization, and prioritization of productivity.
- Neo-Classical Theory: Examined through the lens of the Hawthorne Experiment, investigating the social aspects of work.
- Modern Theory: Incorporates the Systems Approach and Contingency Approach for flexible management strategies.
Administrative Management
- Concerned with the overall organizational structure and efficiency.
- Emphasizes a formal hierarchy, departmental functions, and division of labor based on capabilities.
- Promotes top-down management, enhancing effectiveness at the top levels to improve productivity throughout the organization.
- Henry Fayol, regarded as the Father of Modern Management, contributed significantly to administrative management principles.
Five Elements of Management
- Planning: Establishing objectives and outlining steps to achieve them.
- Organizing: Structuring resources and tasks to implement plans.
- Commanding: Leading and directing personnel in their roles.
- Coordinating: Ensuring alignment among various teams and departments.
- Controlling: Monitoring performance and making adjustments as necessary.
Fayol's 14 Principles of Management
- Division of Work: Specialization improves output.
- Authority: Superiors can issue orders, but must accept responsibility.
- Discipline: Adherence to rules and policies is essential.
- Unity of Command: Employees should take orders from one supervisor to prevent confusion.
- Unity of Direction: All efforts must align towards a common goal.
- Subordination of Individual Interests: Collective goals prioritize over personal interests.
- Remuneration: Fair compensation is necessary for motivation.
- Degree of Centralization: Decision-making should balance between levels of management.
- Scalar Chain: A clear chain of command must exist.
- Order: Workspaces should be organized and tidy.
- Equity: Fair treatment of all employees strengthens morale.
- Stability of Tenure of Personnel: Maintaining employee stability reduces turnover.
- Initiative: Encouraging initiative among employees fosters innovation.
- Esprit de Corps: Promoting team spirit enhances workplace morale.
Summary of the Evolution of Management Thought
- Four primary categories of management theories:
- Pre-Scientific Management Period: Basis of initial management practices.
- Classical Theory: Highly structured approaches to management.
- Neo-Classical Theory: Focus on human factors and social dynamics.
- Modern Theory: Adaptable methods responding to varying organizational needs.
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