Scientific Laws and Determinism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between Correlational Laws and Causal Laws?

  • Correlational Laws specify causal relationships, while Causal Laws describe how events vary together.
  • Correlational Laws allow prediction and control, while Causal Laws only allow prediction.
  • Correlational Laws only allow prediction, while Causal Laws allow prediction and control. (correct)
  • Correlational Laws are more powerful than Causal Laws.

    • What does determinism state in the context of science?

  • Determinism suggests that some scientific knowledge is secret and not available to the general public.
  • Determinism indicates that there are no conditions that could guarantee accurate predictions.
  • Determinism implies that science is based on unpredictable events.
  • Determinism asserts that everything that happens has a finite number of causes and can be predicted accurately with complete information. (correct)

    • According to Karl Popper, what disagreement did he have with the traditional description of science?

  • Popper believed that scientific activity starts with empirical observation.
  • Popper did not believe in the assumptions of determinism in science.
  • Popper disagreed with the idea that science requires a subject to observe first. (correct)
  • Popper viewed scientific method as involving problems, theories, and criticisms.

    • Which type of laws describe how classes of events vary together in some systematic way?

    <p>Correlational Laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Assumption of determinism entail for scientific investigations?

    <p>It states that everything happening has a finite number of causes allowing for accurate predictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position is known as nondeterminism?

    <p>Free will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature that distinguishes a Causal Law from a Correlational Law?

    <p>Causal Laws specify how events are causally related, while Correlational Laws only describe how events vary together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes personal responsibility meaningless, according to hard determinism?

    <p>Automatic mechanistic causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist advocated for the compromise between hard determinism and free will?

    <p>William James</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of psychology does Koch argue that the field should embrace?

    <p>Both science and humanities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which belief leads to a belief in personal responsibility according to the text?

    <p>Free will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of human behavior does soft determinism suggest intervenes between experience and behavior?

    <p>Intentions and motives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Karl Popper, what distinguishes a scientific theory from a non-scientific one?

    <p>The principle of falsifiability or refutability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest status a scientific theory can attain according to Popper?

    <p>Not yet disconfirmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of incorrect predictions in scientific progress according to Popper?

    <p>They cause scientific progress by leading to new theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the term 'paradigm' according to Thomas Kuhn?

    <p>A widely accepted viewpoint or shared set of assumptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'normal science' according to Thomas Kuhn?

    <p>The process of exploring the implications of a paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between puzzle solving and normal science?

    <p>Neither puzzle solving nor normal science involve much creativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of nativists in explaining human origins?

    <p>The role of inheritance (nature)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do most psychologists today believe about the nature-nurture debate?

    <p>They believe in a combination of both nature and nurture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of knowledge called?

    <p>Epistemology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to rationalists, what is the role of the mind in processing sensory information?

    <p>The mind actively processes and transforms sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do empiricists and rationalists differ in their understanding of chess players?

    <p>Empiricists believe they are looking at the same thing, while rationalists believe one may understand more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem arises from seeing the self as autonomous?

    <p>It creates problems in understanding human-animal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between physical and mental events according to the text?

    <p>They are two sides of the same coin, experienced simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of 'reification' described in the text?

    <p>The tendency to believe that something has an independent existence because it has a name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective is associated with the idea that human behavior can be explained by mechanical laws?

    <p>Mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of Western philosophy and psychology according to the irrationalist perspective?

    <p>They glorify intellect at the expense of emotional experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did some rationalists believe about the relationship between knowledge and virtue?

    <p>If you know the truth, you will act in accordance with it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the rationalist and irrationalist perspectives described in the text?

    <p>Rationalists search for universal principles, while irrationalists stress emotional experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position that argues causes of human behavior function in an automatic, mechanistic manner?

    <p>Hard determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective believes that thoughtful deliberation makes personal responsibility meaningful?

    <p>Soft determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the compromise between hard determinism and free will?

    <p>William James</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of psychology did Koch argue should embrace both science and the humanities?

    <p>Nondeterminism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a belief in personal responsibility due to a version of psychical determinism?

    <p>Nondeterminism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position argues that free will leads to a belief in personal responsibility?

    <p>Nondeterminism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why study the history of psychology, according to the text?

    <p>To appreciate modern psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Gordon Allport's perspective on problem-solving in psychology?

    <p>Problems are never truly solved, but rather grow tiresome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach does the textbook take in presenting the history of psychology?

    <p>Eclectic Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason provided in the text for the decline of citing old works by students?

    <p>Students are tired of old problems and theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text suggest that understanding the past helps avoid repeating mistakes?

    <p>By providing valuable ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does George Santayana's quote 'Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it' emphasize?

    <p>The value of learning from history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the demarcation criterion that distinguishes a scientific theory from a non-scientific theory?

    <p>Principle of falsifiability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe theories that explain phenomena after they have happened?

    <p>Post hoc theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the idea that all scientific theories will eventually be replaced with new theories?

    <p>Unfalsifiability principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Thomas Kuhn, what is a 'paradigm' in the context of science?

    <p>A widely accepted viewpoint shared by a community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'normal science' involve based on the text?

    <p>Puzzle solving within a paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of predictions are considered necessary for a theory to be scientific?

    <p>'Risky' predictions with a real risk of being wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that human behavior can be explained the way any machine can be?

    <p>Rationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the tendency to believe that something exists independently just because it has a name?

    <p>Reification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective stresses emotional experience over human reasoning, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Irrationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept involves the idea that what we mentally experience is the same as what happens physically, according to the text?

    <p>Naive Realism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory holds that life can never be reduced to material and mechanical laws?

    <p>Vitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do most people suggest is lost or gained at various points between experience and perception?

    <p>&quot;Something is lost or gained in translation&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of determinism suggests that behavior is caused by genetic dispositions?

    <p>Biological determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do all forms of determinism have in common?

    <p>They are forms of physical determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle suggests that human behavior is determined, but the causes cannot be accurately measured?

    <p>Heisenberg's uncertainty principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher questioned the science of psychology as a whole?

    <p>Immanuel Kant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chance encounters play in shaping human behavior according to Albert Bandura?

    <p>They play a prominent role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of determinism relates to a person's beliefs, emotions, and values?

    <p>Psychical determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

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