60 Questions
What is the main difference between Correlational Laws and Causal Laws?
Correlational Laws only allow prediction, while Causal Laws allow prediction and control.
What does determinism state in the context of science?
Determinism asserts that everything that happens has a finite number of causes and can be predicted accurately with complete information.
According to Karl Popper, what disagreement did he have with the traditional description of science?
Popper disagreed with the idea that science requires a subject to observe first.
Which type of laws describe how classes of events vary together in some systematic way?
Correlational Laws
What does the Assumption of determinism entail for scientific investigations?
It states that everything happening has a finite number of causes allowing for accurate predictions.
Which position is known as nondeterminism?
Free will
What is the key feature that distinguishes a Causal Law from a Correlational Law?
Causal Laws specify how events are causally related, while Correlational Laws only describe how events vary together.
What makes personal responsibility meaningless, according to hard determinism?
Automatic mechanistic causes
Which psychologist advocated for the compromise between hard determinism and free will?
William James
What aspect of psychology does Koch argue that the field should embrace?
Both science and humanities
Which belief leads to a belief in personal responsibility according to the text?
Free will
What aspect of human behavior does soft determinism suggest intervenes between experience and behavior?
Intentions and motives
According to Karl Popper, what distinguishes a scientific theory from a non-scientific one?
The principle of falsifiability or refutability
What is the highest status a scientific theory can attain according to Popper?
Not yet disconfirmed
What is the role of incorrect predictions in scientific progress according to Popper?
They cause scientific progress by leading to new theories
What is the meaning of the term 'paradigm' according to Thomas Kuhn?
A widely accepted viewpoint or shared set of assumptions
What is 'normal science' according to Thomas Kuhn?
The process of exploring the implications of a paradigm
What is the main difference between puzzle solving and normal science?
Neither puzzle solving nor normal science involve much creativity
What is the main focus of nativists in explaining human origins?
The role of inheritance (nature)
What do most psychologists today believe about the nature-nurture debate?
They believe in a combination of both nature and nurture
What is the study of knowledge called?
Epistemology
According to rationalists, what is the role of the mind in processing sensory information?
The mind actively processes and transforms sensory information
How do empiricists and rationalists differ in their understanding of chess players?
Empiricists believe they are looking at the same thing, while rationalists believe one may understand more
What problem arises from seeing the self as autonomous?
It creates problems in understanding human-animal relationships
What is the relationship between physical and mental events according to the text?
They are two sides of the same coin, experienced simultaneously
What is the concept of 'reification' described in the text?
The tendency to believe that something has an independent existence because it has a name
Which perspective is associated with the idea that human behavior can be explained by mechanical laws?
Mechanism
What is the main criticism of Western philosophy and psychology according to the irrationalist perspective?
They glorify intellect at the expense of emotional experience
What did some rationalists believe about the relationship between knowledge and virtue?
If you know the truth, you will act in accordance with it
What is the main difference between the rationalist and irrationalist perspectives described in the text?
Rationalists search for universal principles, while irrationalists stress emotional experience
What is the position that argues causes of human behavior function in an automatic, mechanistic manner?
Hard determinism
Which perspective believes that thoughtful deliberation makes personal responsibility meaningful?
Soft determinism
Who proposed the compromise between hard determinism and free will?
William James
Which aspect of psychology did Koch argue should embrace both science and the humanities?
Nondeterminism
What is the term used to describe a belief in personal responsibility due to a version of psychical determinism?
Nondeterminism
Which position argues that free will leads to a belief in personal responsibility?
Nondeterminism
Why study the history of psychology, according to the text?
To appreciate modern psychology
What was Gordon Allport's perspective on problem-solving in psychology?
Problems are never truly solved, but rather grow tiresome
Which approach does the textbook take in presenting the history of psychology?
Eclectic Approach
What is one reason provided in the text for the decline of citing old works by students?
Students are tired of old problems and theories
How does the text suggest that understanding the past helps avoid repeating mistakes?
By providing valuable ideas
What does George Santayana's quote 'Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it' emphasize?
The value of learning from history
What is the demarcation criterion that distinguishes a scientific theory from a non-scientific theory?
Principle of falsifiability
What is the term used to describe theories that explain phenomena after they have happened?
Post hoc theories
Which concept refers to the idea that all scientific theories will eventually be replaced with new theories?
Unfalsifiability principle
According to Thomas Kuhn, what is a 'paradigm' in the context of science?
A widely accepted viewpoint shared by a community
What does 'normal science' involve based on the text?
Puzzle solving within a paradigm
What type of predictions are considered necessary for a theory to be scientific?
'Risky' predictions with a real risk of being wrong
Which theory suggests that human behavior can be explained the way any machine can be?
Rationalism
What term describes the tendency to believe that something exists independently just because it has a name?
Reification
Which perspective stresses emotional experience over human reasoning, as mentioned in the text?
Irrationalism
What concept involves the idea that what we mentally experience is the same as what happens physically, according to the text?
Naive Realism
Which theory holds that life can never be reduced to material and mechanical laws?
Vitalism
What do most people suggest is lost or gained at various points between experience and perception?
"Something is lost or gained in translation"
What type of determinism suggests that behavior is caused by genetic dispositions?
Biological determinism
What do all forms of determinism have in common?
They are forms of physical determinism
What principle suggests that human behavior is determined, but the causes cannot be accurately measured?
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
Which philosopher questioned the science of psychology as a whole?
Immanuel Kant
What role do chance encounters play in shaping human behavior according to Albert Bandura?
They play a prominent role
What type of determinism relates to a person's beliefs, emotions, and values?
Psychical determinism
Test your knowledge on scientific laws, including correlational and causal laws, and the assumption of determinism in science. Explore the characteristics and classifications of scientific laws in this quiz.
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