Scientific Laws and Determinism Quiz

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What is the main difference between Correlational Laws and Causal Laws?

Correlational Laws specify causal relationships, while Causal Laws describe how events vary together.

Correlational Laws allow prediction and control, while Causal Laws only allow prediction.

Correlational Laws only allow prediction, while Causal Laws allow prediction and control. (correct)

Correlational Laws are more powerful than Causal Laws.

What does determinism state in the context of science?

Determinism suggests that some scientific knowledge is secret and not available to the general public.

Determinism indicates that there are no conditions that could guarantee accurate predictions.

Determinism implies that science is based on unpredictable events.

Determinism asserts that everything that happens has a finite number of causes and can be predicted accurately with complete information. (correct)

According to Karl Popper, what disagreement did he have with the traditional description of science?

Popper believed that scientific activity starts with empirical observation.

Popper did not believe in the assumptions of determinism in science.

Popper disagreed with the idea that science requires a subject to observe first. (correct)

Popper viewed scientific method as involving problems, theories, and criticisms.

Which type of laws describe how classes of events vary together in some systematic way?

Correlational Laws (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Assumption of determinism entail for scientific investigations?

It states that everything happening has a finite number of causes allowing for accurate predictions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which position is known as nondeterminism?

Free will (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature that distinguishes a Causal Law from a Correlational Law?

Causal Laws specify how events are causally related, while Correlational Laws only describe how events vary together. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What makes personal responsibility meaningless, according to hard determinism?

Automatic mechanistic causes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist advocated for the compromise between hard determinism and free will?

William James (B) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of psychology does Koch argue that the field should embrace?

Both science and humanities (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which belief leads to a belief in personal responsibility according to the text?

Free will (C) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of human behavior does soft determinism suggest intervenes between experience and behavior?

Intentions and motives (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Karl Popper, what distinguishes a scientific theory from a non-scientific one?

The principle of falsifiability or refutability (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest status a scientific theory can attain according to Popper?

Not yet disconfirmed (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of incorrect predictions in scientific progress according to Popper?

They cause scientific progress by leading to new theories (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the term 'paradigm' according to Thomas Kuhn?

A widely accepted viewpoint or shared set of assumptions (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is 'normal science' according to Thomas Kuhn?

The process of exploring the implications of a paradigm (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between puzzle solving and normal science?

Neither puzzle solving nor normal science involve much creativity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of nativists in explaining human origins?

The role of inheritance (nature) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do most psychologists today believe about the nature-nurture debate?

They believe in a combination of both nature and nurture (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of knowledge called?

Epistemology (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to rationalists, what is the role of the mind in processing sensory information?

The mind actively processes and transforms sensory information (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do empiricists and rationalists differ in their understanding of chess players?

Empiricists believe they are looking at the same thing, while rationalists believe one may understand more (A) Signup and view all the answers

What problem arises from seeing the self as autonomous?

It creates problems in understanding human-animal relationships (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between physical and mental events according to the text?

They are two sides of the same coin, experienced simultaneously (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'reification' described in the text?

The tendency to believe that something has an independent existence because it has a name (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective is associated with the idea that human behavior can be explained by mechanical laws?

Mechanism (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism of Western philosophy and psychology according to the irrationalist perspective?

They glorify intellect at the expense of emotional experience (A) Signup and view all the answers

What did some rationalists believe about the relationship between knowledge and virtue?

If you know the truth, you will act in accordance with it (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the rationalist and irrationalist perspectives described in the text?

Rationalists search for universal principles, while irrationalists stress emotional experience (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the position that argues causes of human behavior function in an automatic, mechanistic manner?

Hard determinism (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective believes that thoughtful deliberation makes personal responsibility meaningful?

Soft determinism (A) Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the compromise between hard determinism and free will?

William James (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of psychology did Koch argue should embrace both science and the humanities?

Nondeterminism (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a belief in personal responsibility due to a version of psychical determinism?

Nondeterminism (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which position argues that free will leads to a belief in personal responsibility?

Nondeterminism (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why study the history of psychology, according to the text?

To appreciate modern psychology (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was Gordon Allport's perspective on problem-solving in psychology?

Problems are never truly solved, but rather grow tiresome (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which approach does the textbook take in presenting the history of psychology?

Eclectic Approach (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason provided in the text for the decline of citing old works by students?

Students are tired of old problems and theories (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text suggest that understanding the past helps avoid repeating mistakes?

By providing valuable ideas (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does George Santayana's quote 'Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it' emphasize?

The value of learning from history (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the demarcation criterion that distinguishes a scientific theory from a non-scientific theory?

Principle of falsifiability (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe theories that explain phenomena after they have happened?

Post hoc theories (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the idea that all scientific theories will eventually be replaced with new theories?

Unfalsifiability principle (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Thomas Kuhn, what is a 'paradigm' in the context of science?

A widely accepted viewpoint shared by a community (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'normal science' involve based on the text?

Puzzle solving within a paradigm (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of predictions are considered necessary for a theory to be scientific?

'Risky' predictions with a real risk of being wrong (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that human behavior can be explained the way any machine can be?

Rationalism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the tendency to believe that something exists independently just because it has a name?

Reification (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective stresses emotional experience over human reasoning, as mentioned in the text?

Irrationalism (A) Signup and view all the answers

What concept involves the idea that what we mentally experience is the same as what happens physically, according to the text?

Naive Realism (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which theory holds that life can never be reduced to material and mechanical laws?

Vitalism (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do most people suggest is lost or gained at various points between experience and perception?

"Something is lost or gained in translation" (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of determinism suggests that behavior is caused by genetic dispositions?

Biological determinism (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do all forms of determinism have in common?

They are forms of physical determinism (C) Signup and view all the answers

What principle suggests that human behavior is determined, but the causes cannot be accurately measured?

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher questioned the science of psychology as a whole?

Immanuel Kant (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role do chance encounters play in shaping human behavior according to Albert Bandura?

They play a prominent role (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of determinism relates to a person's beliefs, emotions, and values?

Psychical determinism (D) Signup and view all the answers