Scientific Laws and Determinism Quiz

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What does the nativist perspective emphasize in explaining origins?

Role of sensory information

Role of experience (Nurture)

Role of inheritance (Nature) (correct)

Role of active mind

How do rationalists view the process of gaining knowledge?

By disregarding mental experiences

By ignoring sensory information

By interacting with data and transforming it (correct)

Through passive recording of experiences

What is epistemology the study of?

The understanding of self

The study of knowledge (correct)

The relationship between humans and animals

The role of inheritance in knowledge

In psychology, what problems are created by seeing the self as autonomous?

Difficulties in explaining continuity of self Signup and view all the answers

According to empiricists, what is the first step in learning?

Recording physical experiences passively Signup and view all the answers

What do rationalists believe the mind adds to mental experience?

An element in transforming data Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the belief that causes of human behavior function in an automatic, mechanistic manner?

Hard determinism Signup and view all the answers

Which position is known as nondeterminism?

Free will Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective argues that personal responsibility is meaningless due to the mechanistic view of human behavior?

Soft determinism Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the compromise between hard determinism and free will, suggesting that cognitive processes play a role in behavior?

William James Signup and view all the answers

According to Koch, why should psychology embrace both science and humanities?

To understand humans better Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of psychology does the text suggest depends on the focus to determine if it is considered scientific or not?

The specific studies within psychology Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Correlational Laws from Causal Laws?

Correlational Laws allow prediction, while Causal Laws allow prediction and control. Signup and view all the answers

What does the assumption of determinism entail?

Events have a finite number of causes that make them predictable with complete accuracy. Signup and view all the answers

What was Karl Popper's disagreement with the traditional description of science?

Popper did not believe that scientific activity required a subject to observe first; he believed a problem was necessary. Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental assumption does science make about what is being investigated?

It assumes events are lawful and can be predicted given the right conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes between the two classes of scientific laws mentioned in the text?

Correlational Laws describe how events vary together, while Causal Laws specify causal relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What three stages did Karl Popper believe were involved in the scientific method?

Problems, theories, criticisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that describes two sides of the same coin?

Preestablished Harmony Signup and view all the answers

What is the idea of 'Occasionalism' an occasion for?

God to intervene in human affairs Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendancy to believe that because something has a name, it has an independent existence called?

Reification Signup and view all the answers

What have Western philosophy and psychology glorified at the expense of emotional experience?

Intellect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following perspectives stresses emotional experience over human reasoning?

Irrationalism Signup and view all the answers

What did some equate wisdom with?

Virtue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of major research?

To rigorously test existing theories and paradigms Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative consequence of adhering to a paradigm?

It limits researchers' ability to recognize anomalies or contradictions Signup and view all the answers

How does a paradigm guide a researcher's activities?

It determines what constitutes a research problem and how to approach it Signup and view all the answers

What is an anomaly in the context of scientific paradigms?

An observation that cannot be explained by the current paradigm Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical reaction to a proposed new paradigm?

Resistance and skepticism from those adhering to the existing paradigm Signup and view all the answers

What stage is psychology currently in?

The text does not explicitly state the stage of psychology Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to study the history of psychology?

To understand the chronological development of psychological theories Signup and view all the answers

What approach does the textbook take towards explaining the history of psychology?

Eclectic Approach Signup and view all the answers

How does the political climate affect the acceptance of new ideas, according to the American Psychological Association president?

It can prevent new ideas from being adopted Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason provided in the text for why theories in psychology may fade over time?

They are unpopular Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized when psychology goes from 'Pure Science' to survival and adaptation, to cognitive processes?

The focus shifts from theory to practice Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of students no longer citing old works in psychology?

Loss of credibility in the field Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a scientific theory?

To organize empirical observations and guide future observations Signup and view all the answers

Which concept states the relationship between empirical events that is consistently observed?

Scientific Law Signup and view all the answers

What does science draw on according to the text?

Rationalism and Empiricism Signup and view all the answers

What aspect distinguishes a scientific theory from an unscientific one?

Ability to generate confirmable propositions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of knowledge according to Empiricism?

Sensory observation Signup and view all the answers

What does a Scientific Law describe?

The relationship between two or more classes of empirical events that is consistently observed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between Correlational Laws and Causal Laws?

Causal Laws describe how events vary together systematically, while Correlational Laws specify causal relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What does the assumption of determinism entail?

Nothing else could happen given the conditions for any event. Signup and view all the answers

According to Karl Popper, what is the first stage involved in the scientific method?

Problems Signup and view all the answers

What was Karl Popper's disagreement with the traditional description of science?

He disagreed on the need for a subject to observe first. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of correlational laws?

To describe how classes of events vary together systematically. Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective attempts to explain everything in physical terms?

Mind and Body Materialists Signup and view all the answers

What does the text say is the primary aim of major research?

To discover universal laws Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key aspects of science as mentioned in the text?

Science assumes that what is being investigated is lawful. Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective claims that mental states emerge from physical brain states?

Emergentism Signup and view all the answers

What does the text say the Dualist perspective explains things through?

Physical and mental events Signup and view all the answers

What does Epiphenomenalism claim about the relationship between mental events and behavior?

Mental events are byproducts of brain processes and have no influence Signup and view all the answers

What does the text say Psychophysical Parallelism claims about the relationship between mental events and bodily responses?

Mental events and bodily responses occur simultaneously but are independent Signup and view all the answers

What is the view that human behavior can be explained like any machine?

Mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency to believe that something has an independent existence because it has a name?

Reification Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective stresses emotional experience over human reasoning?

Irrationalism Signup and view all the answers

What is the idea that two types of events are different and separate, but are coordinated by some external agent?

Preestablished harmony Signup and view all the answers

What is the view that life can never be reduced to material and mechanical laws, and that people contain some sort of soul?

Vitalism Signup and view all the answers

What do some equate wisdom with, according to the text?

Virtue Signup and view all the answers

Scientific Laws and Determinism Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the nativist perspective emphasize in explaining origins?

How do rationalists view the process of gaining knowledge?

What is epistemology the study of?

In psychology, what problems are created by seeing the self as autonomous?

According to empiricists, what is the first step in learning?

What do rationalists believe the mind adds to mental experience?

What term is used to describe the belief that causes of human behavior function in an automatic, mechanistic manner?

Which position is known as nondeterminism?

Which perspective argues that personal responsibility is meaningless due to the mechanistic view of human behavior?

Who proposed the compromise between hard determinism and free will, suggesting that cognitive processes play a role in behavior?

According to Koch, why should psychology embrace both science and humanities?

What aspect of psychology does the text suggest depends on the focus to determine if it is considered scientific or not?

What distinguishes Correlational Laws from Causal Laws?

What does the assumption of determinism entail?

What was Karl Popper's disagreement with the traditional description of science?

What fundamental assumption does science make about what is being investigated?

What distinguishes between the two classes of scientific laws mentioned in the text?

What three stages did Karl Popper believe were involved in the scientific method?

What is the concept that describes two sides of the same coin?

What is the idea of 'Occasionalism' an occasion for?

What is the tendancy to believe that because something has a name, it has an independent existence called?

What have Western philosophy and psychology glorified at the expense of emotional experience?

Which of the following perspectives stresses emotional experience over human reasoning?

What did some equate wisdom with?

What is the primary aim of major research?

What is a potential negative consequence of adhering to a paradigm?

How does a paradigm guide a researcher's activities?

What is an anomaly in the context of scientific paradigms?

What is the typical reaction to a proposed new paradigm?

What stage is psychology currently in?

Why is it important to study the history of psychology?

What approach does the textbook take towards explaining the history of psychology?

How does the political climate affect the acceptance of new ideas, according to the American Psychological Association president?

What is one reason provided in the text for why theories in psychology may fade over time?

What is emphasized when psychology goes from 'Pure Science' to survival and adaptation, to cognitive processes?

What is one potential consequence of students no longer citing old works in psychology?

What is the main purpose of a scientific theory?

Which concept states the relationship between empirical events that is consistently observed?

What does science draw on according to the text?

What aspect distinguishes a scientific theory from an unscientific one?

What is the primary source of knowledge according to Empiricism?

What does a Scientific Law describe?

What is the primary distinction between Correlational Laws and Causal Laws?

What does the assumption of determinism entail?

According to Karl Popper, what is the first stage involved in the scientific method?

What was Karl Popper's disagreement with the traditional description of science?

What is the main goal of correlational laws?

Which perspective attempts to explain everything in physical terms?

What does the text say is the primary aim of major research?

What is one of the key aspects of science as mentioned in the text?

Which perspective claims that mental states emerge from physical brain states?

What does the text say the Dualist perspective explains things through?

What does Epiphenomenalism claim about the relationship between mental events and behavior?

What does the text say Psychophysical Parallelism claims about the relationship between mental events and bodily responses?

What is the view that human behavior can be explained like any machine?

What is the tendency to believe that something has an independent existence because it has a name?

Which perspective stresses emotional experience over human reasoning?

What is the idea that two types of events are different and separate, but are coordinated by some external agent?

What is the view that life can never be reduced to material and mechanical laws, and that people contain some sort of soul?

What do some equate wisdom with, according to the text?

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