Scientific Laws and Determinism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the nativist perspective emphasize in explaining origins?

  • Role of sensory information
  • Role of experience (Nurture)
  • Role of inheritance (Nature) (correct)
  • Role of active mind

    • How do rationalists view the process of gaining knowledge?

  • By disregarding mental experiences
  • By ignoring sensory information
  • By interacting with data and transforming it (correct)
  • Through passive recording of experiences

    • What is epistemology the study of?

  • The understanding of self
  • The study of knowledge (correct)
  • The relationship between humans and animals
  • The role of inheritance in knowledge

    • In psychology, what problems are created by seeing the self as autonomous?

    <p>Difficulties in explaining continuity of self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to empiricists, what is the first step in learning?

    <p>Recording physical experiences passively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do rationalists believe the mind adds to mental experience?

    <p>An element in transforming data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the belief that causes of human behavior function in an automatic, mechanistic manner?

    <p>Hard determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position is known as nondeterminism?

    <p>Free will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective argues that personal responsibility is meaningless due to the mechanistic view of human behavior?

    <p>Soft determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the compromise between hard determinism and free will, suggesting that cognitive processes play a role in behavior?

    <p>William James</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Koch, why should psychology embrace both science and humanities?

    <p>To understand humans better</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of psychology does the text suggest depends on the focus to determine if it is considered scientific or not?

    <p>The specific studies within psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Correlational Laws from Causal Laws?

    <p>Correlational Laws allow prediction, while Causal Laws allow prediction and control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the assumption of determinism entail?

    <p>Events have a finite number of causes that make them predictable with complete accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Karl Popper's disagreement with the traditional description of science?

    <p>Popper did not believe that scientific activity required a subject to observe first; he believed a problem was necessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental assumption does science make about what is being investigated?

    <p>It assumes events are lawful and can be predicted given the right conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes between the two classes of scientific laws mentioned in the text?

    <p>Correlational Laws describe how events vary together, while Causal Laws specify causal relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What three stages did Karl Popper believe were involved in the scientific method?

    <p>Problems, theories, criticisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that describes two sides of the same coin?

    <p>Preestablished Harmony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the idea of 'Occasionalism' an occasion for?

    <p>God to intervene in human affairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tendancy to believe that because something has a name, it has an independent existence called?

    <p>Reification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have Western philosophy and psychology glorified at the expense of emotional experience?

    <p>Intellect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following perspectives stresses emotional experience over human reasoning?

    <p>Irrationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did some equate wisdom with?

    <p>Virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of major research?

    <p>To rigorously test existing theories and paradigms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential negative consequence of adhering to a paradigm?

    <p>It limits researchers' ability to recognize anomalies or contradictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a paradigm guide a researcher's activities?

    <p>It determines what constitutes a research problem and how to approach it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an anomaly in the context of scientific paradigms?

    <p>An observation that cannot be explained by the current paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical reaction to a proposed new paradigm?

    <p>Resistance and skepticism from those adhering to the existing paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage is psychology currently in?

    <p>The text does not explicitly state the stage of psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to study the history of psychology?

    <p>To understand the chronological development of psychological theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach does the textbook take towards explaining the history of psychology?

    <p>Eclectic Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the political climate affect the acceptance of new ideas, according to the American Psychological Association president?

    <p>It can prevent new ideas from being adopted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason provided in the text for why theories in psychology may fade over time?

    <p>They are unpopular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized when psychology goes from 'Pure Science' to survival and adaptation, to cognitive processes?

    <p>The focus shifts from theory to practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential consequence of students no longer citing old works in psychology?

    <p>Loss of credibility in the field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a scientific theory?

    <p>To organize empirical observations and guide future observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept states the relationship between empirical events that is consistently observed?

    <p>Scientific Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does science draw on according to the text?

    <p>Rationalism and Empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect distinguishes a scientific theory from an unscientific one?

    <p>Ability to generate confirmable propositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of knowledge according to Empiricism?

    <p>Sensory observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Scientific Law describe?

    <p>The relationship between two or more classes of empirical events that is consistently observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between Correlational Laws and Causal Laws?

    <p>Causal Laws describe how events vary together systematically, while Correlational Laws specify causal relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the assumption of determinism entail?

    <p>Nothing else could happen given the conditions for any event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Karl Popper, what is the first stage involved in the scientific method?

    <p>Problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Karl Popper's disagreement with the traditional description of science?

    <p>He disagreed on the need for a subject to observe first.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of correlational laws?

    <p>To describe how classes of events vary together systematically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective attempts to explain everything in physical terms?

    <p>Mind and Body Materialists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text say is the primary aim of major research?

    <p>To discover universal laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key aspects of science as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Science assumes that what is being investigated is lawful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective claims that mental states emerge from physical brain states?

    <p>Emergentism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text say the Dualist perspective explains things through?

    <p>Physical and mental events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Epiphenomenalism claim about the relationship between mental events and behavior?

    <p>Mental events are byproducts of brain processes and have no influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text say Psychophysical Parallelism claims about the relationship between mental events and bodily responses?

    <p>Mental events and bodily responses occur simultaneously but are independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the view that human behavior can be explained like any machine?

    <p>Mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tendency to believe that something has an independent existence because it has a name?

    <p>Reification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective stresses emotional experience over human reasoning?

    <p>Irrationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the idea that two types of events are different and separate, but are coordinated by some external agent?

    <p>Preestablished harmony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the view that life can never be reduced to material and mechanical laws, and that people contain some sort of soul?

    <p>Vitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do some equate wisdom with, according to the text?

    <p>Virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

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