Science Unit 1: Matter and Energy

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Questions and Answers

What is the main role of decomposers in an ecosystem?

Top predators in a food web

Consumers that eat plants

Break down dead organisms (correct)

Producers that create energy

Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food.

True

Name the three types of particles that make up an atom.

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

The second trophic level consists of ________ consumers.

Primary Signup and view all the answers

Match the following properties with their category:

Lustre = Physical Property Reactivity = Chemical Property Flammability = Chemical Property Malleability = Physical Property Signup and view all the answers

Which group of the periodic table contains elements that are most reactive?

Alkali metals Signup and view all the answers

In a food chain, 90% of energy is lost to heat and movement.

True Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes metals from non-metals?

Metals are typically good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are poor conductors and are often brittle. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes converts nitrogen gas into usable compounds for organisms?

Nitrogen fixation Signup and view all the answers

The process of cellular respiration produces glucose and oxygen as outputs.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the three processes involved in nitrogen fixation?

Atmospheric fixation, biological fixation, and industrial fixation. Signup and view all the answers

In a series circuit, the total current ($I_T$) is equal to ______ the individual currents ($I_1, I_2, I_3$).

the same as Signup and view all the answers

Match each term with its correct description:

Photosynthesis = Sunlight converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen Current Electricity = Flow of electrons through a circuit Static Electricity = Electric charge at rest Denitrification = Conversion of nitrates back to nitrogen gas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of sunspots?

They are cooler areas on the sun's surface. Signup and view all the answers

The potential difference in a parallel circuit remains constant across all components.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation $P=V \times I$ represent in electrical terms?

Power equals voltage times current. Signup and view all the answers

The carbon cycle is primarily influenced by human activities such as ______ and burning fossil fuels.

deforestation Signup and view all the answers

What does redshift in astronomical observations indicate?

The object is moving away from the observer Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 1: Matter and Energy

Identifying Variables: Distinguish between dependent, independent, and control variables. Qualitative and quantitative observations are important for scientific analysis.
Physical and Chemical Properties: Substances are described by their physical and chemical properties.
- Physical Properties: Include lustre, malleability, solubility, and others.
- Chemical Properties: Include reactivity, combustibility, and flammability.
Classifying Matter: Matter can be categorized as pure substances (elements and compounds) or mixtures (homogeneous or heterogeneous).
- Pure substances: Elements and compounds.
- Mixture: Homogeneous (solutions) or heterogeneous (mechanical mixtures).
States of Matter: Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states. Understand the particle arrangements and movements in each state.
Atomic Theory: Atomic structure and famous experiments leading to our current understanding.
- Atomic structure: Protons (positive), electrons (negative), and neutrons (neutral) with their charges and masses.
- Standard Atomic Notation: Representing the atomic makeup of elements in a standardized way.
- Bohr-Rutherford diagrams: Depict electron arrangements around the nucleus. (Electrons fill shells in order 2, 8, 8, 18).
- Valence electrons: Electrons in the outermost shell, important for chemical bonding.
Periodic Table: Organization of elements based on atomic structure and properties.
- Groups and periods: Elements are arranged in rows (periods) and columns (groups) based on their properties.
- Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids: Locations on the periodic table.
- Trends: Predictable changes in properties as you go down a group or across a period.
- Valence electrons: Number of valence electrons match group number.
Chemical vs. Physical Changes: Understand the differences and identify signs of each.
- Chemical changes: 5 signs (e.g., color change, gas production, formation of precipitate).
- Physical Changes: Change in size, shape, state.
Chemical Bonding: How elements combine to form compounds.
- Reactivity: Some groups are more reactive than others.
- Ions: Charged atoms (cations + and anions -).

Unit 2: Ecology

Trophic Levels: Energy flow in ecosystems through different feeding levels.
- Producers (autotrophs)
- Primary consumers
- Secondary consumers
- Tertiary consumers (top predators)
- Decomposers (break down dead matter).
Heterotrophs vs. Autotrophs: Heterotrophs consume other organisms; autotrophs produce their own food.
- Autotrophs are producers, Heterotrophs are consumers..
Biotic and Abiotic Factors: Components of an ecosystem. Biotic factors are living (organisms), abiotic factors are non-living (water, temperature, sunlight).
Spheres of the Earth: Lithosphere (land), hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (living things).
Food Webs: Understanding how organisms interact within an ecosystem. Analyze how changes in one organism affect the rest of the food web.
Energy Flow: Energy in a food chain. 10% of energy is passed up level, 90% transferred as heat.
Terrestrial vs. Aquatic Ecosystems: Differences in their characteristics and dynamics.
Climate Change and Indigenous Issues: The effects of climate change and indigenous perspectives.
The Carbon Cycle: Movement of carbon in the Earth's systems.
- Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
- Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
The Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen fixation (atmospheric, biological, industrial), nitrification, and denitrification.
The Water Cycle: Evaporation, transpiration, and other water cycle processes.
Population Dynamics: Populations, limiting factors, and carrying capacity.
Symbiotic Relationships: Types of ecological relationships.

Unit 3: Electricity

Static vs. Current Electricity: Distinctions between static (stationary charges) and current (moving charges).
Static Electricity Generation: Methods of generating static charges (e.g., friction).
Electric Charges: Law of electric charges (like charges repel, opposite charges attract).
Conductors vs. Insulators: Describing materials based on their ability to conduct electricity.
Series and Parallel Circuits: Circuit diagrams and calculations.
- Electron flow.
- Calculating current (I), voltage (V), and resistance (R) in series and parallel circuits.
  - Series: Total Current = Individual Current
  - Parallel: Total Current = Sum of currents
  - Series: Total Voltage = Sum of voltages
  - Parallel: Total Voltage = Individual Voltage.
Circuit Components: Examples of circuit components like batteries, light bulbs, switches, ammeters, voltmeters, resistors. Diagramming the connections.
Power: Calculating and understanding relationships among power (P), voltage (V), and current (I): P = V × I
Ohm's Law: Relating voltage, current, and resistance through the formula V = I × R
Types of Power Generation: Different ways electricity is produced and their associated advantages and disadvantages.

Unit 4: Space

Solar System: Order of planets and distances (AU, light years). Converting to scientific notation.
Stars: Composition of stars (spectral lines), structure of the Sun (core, radiative zone, convective zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona).
Sun's Energy: Process of nuclear fusion.
Sun Features: Sunspots, solar flares, solar prominences, solar wind.
Earth and Moon: Movement, phases, seasons, and eclipses.
Solar System Formation: Understanding of solar system formation.
Space Technology: Overview of space technology.
Big Bang Theory: Key aspects of the theory of the big bang.
Expanding Universe: Concepts of an expanding universe.
Red and Blue Shift: Importance of redshift and blueshift to the study of light and distance in space. This relates to expanding or collapsing space.
Evidence for Big Bang: Brief overview of supporting evidence for the big bang theory.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of matter and energy in this quiz. Topics include identifying variables, classifying matter, and understanding the states of matter. Test your knowledge on physical and chemical properties, and the atomic theory that underpins modern science.