Questions and Answers
Classify the size of the examples of matter as being on the macroscopic, microscopic, or atomic scale.
Classify the examples as demonstrations of potential or kinetic energy.
What is the direction of heat flow between Object A and Object B if the initial temperature of Object A is less?
The direction of the flow is towards Object A.
Write the abbreviation for the base unit of each of these quantities in the metric system.
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What is the power of ten that defines the prefix 'Nano'?
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Identify the measurements as having English units or metric units.
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Determine the volume in milliliters of the liquid in the graduated cylinder if calibrated in milliliters.
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What is the length of a pencil measured by Ruler A?
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Classify each substance as a mixture or a pure substance.
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What are the significant figures in the measurement 395?
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What is the freezing point of water on the Fahrenheit scale?
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What is the normal specific gravity of urine range?
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What is the meaning of the Latin abbreviation b.i.d.?
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What is the tropical temperature range on Venus in degrees Celsius?
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Name an element from the periodic table.
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Which isotope of iron is the least abundant on earth?
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Identify the particles with +1 charge and located in the nucleus.
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Identify the isotope of iron with the fewest neutrons.
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Why is the atomic mass of iron, 55.845 amu, most similar to the mass of iron - 56, yet less than 56 amu?
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Calculate the average atomic mass of carbon to two digits after the decimal point.
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Calculate the average atomic mass of naturally occurring silicon to at least four significant figures.
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What is the average atomic mass of titanium on the planet mentioned?
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Give the symbol of the element in Group IIIA, period 4.
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Which elements are classified as nonmetals?
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Classify each property according to whether it's displayed by metals or nonmetals:
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What is the nucleus produced when 210 - Po undergoes alpha decay?
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How many days does it take for a patient to no longer set off alarms at the airport after receiving a dose of I-131 that has a radioactivity of 40.0 Ci?
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What is the first step in determining how many days it takes for the radioactivity of I-131 to decay from 40.0 Ci to less than 312.5 Ci?
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How many days would it take for a 28.0 g sample of iron - 59 to decay to 3.50 g?
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How many half-lives have occurred if a 681.0 ng sample of an unknown radioactive substance decreased to 85.13 ng after 47 days?
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Arrange the types of radiation from longest to shortest wavelength.
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Arrange the forms of electromagnetic radiation in order of decreasing energy.
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Why does radiation therapy increase the risk of cancer reoccurring?
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Select the correct statement comparing other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum to visible light.
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Which of the following types of radiation has the greatest penetrating ability?
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Classify each situation as an example of acute or chronic exposure to radiation:
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When the radiation is from an internal source, which type of radiation is the most harmful to the body?
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Study Notes
Classification of Matter and Energy
- Macroscopic examples: Human body, grain of sand.
- Microscopic examples: Red blood cell.
- Atomic examples: DNA, virus.
- Potential energy examples: Hiker at mountain peak, sandwich.
- Kinetic energy examples: Water flowing over a dam, helium atoms in balloon.
Heat Transfer and Temperature
- Heat flows from Object B to Object A if A's temperature is initially lower than B's.
Metric System Basics
- Base unit abbreviations: mass (g), length (m), time (s), volume (L).
- Metric prefixes and their powers of ten: Nano (10^-9), Centi (10^-2), Milli (10^-3), Kilo (10^3), Micro (10^-6), Mega (10^6).
- Measurements: English units (e.g., feet, pounds) and metric units (e.g., kg, mL).
Measurement and Significant Figures
- Significant figures determine how precise a measurement is.
- Specific examples include various measurements having three significant figures (e.g., 395, 1.00×10^-3).
- Exact numbers: 2.54 cm (exact conversion), 4 choices (exact).
Volume and Density Calculations
- Volume of graduated cylinder measured to be 28.9 mL.
- Density calculations can identify unknown metal samples.
Medication Dosage and Conversions
- Dosage for cephalexin is 12.5 mg/kg/day; convert weight for dosage.
- The first calculation step involves converting pounds to kilograms.
- Calculate the amount of medication for a specific dosage, given patient weight.
Temperature Conversions
- Freezing point of water: 32°F, 0°C, 273 K.
- Temperature in different scales for various environments (e.g., Venus and Mercury).
States of Matter and Element Classification
- Elements include iodine, silicon, and lead.
- Compounds are identified by their chemical formulas such as CO and RbNO2.
Isotopes of Iron
- Four isotopes of iron with varying abundance: Iron-54 (least abundant), Iron-56 (most abundant).
- Atomic mass of iron (55.845 amu) is derived from the weighted average of isotopic masses.
Average Atomic Mass Calculations
- Carbon's average atomic mass calculated as 12.01 amu.
- Silicon's average atomic mass found to be 28.09 amu from its isotopes.
Periodic Table Positioning
- Element symbols from given periodic table positions include Gallium (Ga), Hafnium (Hf), Potassium (K), Bromine (Br), and Silver (Ag).
Nonmetals Identification
- Nonmetals from the list: Iodine, Selenium, Carbon.### Properties of Metals and Nonmetals
- Metals are characterized as shiny, ductile, malleable, excellent conductors of heat and electricity, and possess high melting points.
- Nonmetals generally appear dull, are brittle, poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have low melting points.
Alpha Decay
- The nucleus produced from the alpha decay of Polonium-210 (²¹⁰Po) is Lead-206 (²⁰⁶Pb), which has an atomic number of 82.
Hypothyroidism and I-131 Treatment
- Hypothyroidism affects 1-3% of the U.S. population; a common treatment is radioactive iodine ablation using I-131.
- I-131 undergoes both beta and gamma decay, with a half-life of 8 days, primarily targeting overactive thyroid cells.
- Airport scanners can detect radioactivity, with the minimum detectable level being 312.5 µCi.
- A dose of I-131 that starts at 40.0 µCi will take several days to decay below the scanner's detection threshold.
- The half-life of I-131 is crucial for calculating the time required to reduce radioactivity below 312.5 µCi.
Radioactive Decay of Iron-59
- Iron-59 is used in medical applications to study iron metabolism with a half-life of 44 days.
- To decay a 28.0 g sample of Iron-59 to 3.50 g takes approximately 132 days.
Radioactive Substance Half-lives
- An unknown radioactive substance with an initial mass of 681.0 ng decreased to 85.13 ng after 47 days, indicating that 3 half-lives have occurred.
Electromagnetic Radiation
- Types of radiation arranged from longest to shortest wavelength:
- Radio waves
- Microwaves
- Infrared
- Visible light
- Ultraviolet
- X-rays
- Gamma rays
- Forms of electromagnetic radiation in order of decreasing energy:
- Gamma rays
- X-rays
- Ultraviolet
- Visible light
- Infrared
- Microwaves
- Radio waves
Radiation Therapy and Cancer Risk
- Radiation therapy may increase the risk of cancer recurrence due to potential DNA damage in normal cells.
Comparison with Visible Light
- The microwave region has lower wavelengths and frequencies compared to visible light.
Penetrating Ability of Radiation
- Gamma radiation possesses the greatest penetrating ability among different types of radiation.
Radiation Exposure Classification
- Acute exposure examples include unprotected handling of alpha emitters, cancer patients undergoing treatment, and individuals near nuclear incidents.
- Chronic exposure examples include hospital workers regularly conducting CT scans.
Internal Radiation Sources
- Alpha radiation is deemed the most harmful type when emitted from an internal source affecting the body.
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Description
This quiz focuses on classifying examples of matter and energy in a chemistry context. You'll differentiate between macroscopic, microscopic, and atomic scales, as well as identify potential and kinetic energy scenarios. Perfect for students wanting to enhance their understanding of basic chemistry concepts.
