Science Unit 0 & Space Systems Unit 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of the phases of the Moon?

  • The Moon's rotation on its axis
  • The Moon's distance from the Earth
  • The Sun’s light reflected on the Moon's surface (correct)
  • The Earth’s atmosphere

A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon partially enters the Earth's shadow.

False (B)

How long does it take for the Moon to rotate on its axis?

27.3 days

The large round pits on the Moon's surface are called __________.

<p>craters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tides occur on the sides of the Earth closest to the Moon?

<p>High tides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the features of the Moon with their descriptions:

<p>Maria = Dark, flat areas mistaken for seas Craters = Large round pits on the Moon's surface Highlands = Light colored mountainous regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of the Moon?

<p>3,476 kilometers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Moon revolves around the Earth in the same time it takes to complete one rotation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason a spacecraft cannot fly through Saturn?

<p>The extreme temperatures and pressures would destroy it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saturn has a true solid surface that can be landed on.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color is Neptune primarily known for?

<p>bright blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saturn is named after the Roman god of __________.

<p>agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Saturn's moons is noted for having internal oceans that could possibly support life?

<p>Enceladus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following planets with their distinguishing characteristics:

<p>Saturn = Hazy yellow-brown color with bands and spots Jupiter = Brilliant cloud bands of various colors Neptune = Bright blue caused by methane Earth = Solid surface that supports life</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many Earths could fit into Saturn?

<p>764</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jupiter has a solid surface suitable for landing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law?

<p>A theory provides an explanation; a law does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gravity is the force that pushes objects away from each other.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'mass'.

<p>Mass is the amount of matter in an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment, the variable that scientists change is called the __________.

<p>manipulated variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of the Sun's interior with their descriptions:

<p>Core = Innermost part where energy is generated by nuclear reactions Radiation Zone = Region of tightly packed gas where energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation Convection Zone = Outer layer of the Sun's interior where energy moves through convection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What keeps Earth and the Moon in their orbit?

<p>Inertia and gravity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Earth's orbit around the sun is a perfect circle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'weight'?

<p>Weight is the force of gravity on an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a rocket?

<p>To expel gas in one direction to move in the opposite direction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The moon has more mass than Earth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the space race?

<p>A competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for achievements in space exploration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ is a spacecraft that can carry a crew into space and return to earth.

<p>space shuttle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Satellite = An object that revolves around another object in space Space probe = A spacecraft that carries scientific instruments but has no crew Rover = A small robot that moves on the surface to collect data Space station = A large artificial satellite for living and research in microgravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between orbital and escape velocity?

<p>Orbital velocity is necessary to maintain a stable orbit around Earth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rocky debris filled the solar system when the moon was formed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ launched the first satellite, prompting the U.S. to accelerate its space efforts.

<p>Soviets</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Inquiry

The ways scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence.

Manipulated Variable

The variable a scientist changes during an experiment.

Responding Variable

The variable that changes due to the manipulated variable.

Scientific Theory

A well-tested concept that explains many observations.

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Earth's Rotation

The spinning of Earth on its axis.

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Earth's Revolution

Earth's movement around the Sun.

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Gravity

The force that pulls objects toward each other.

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Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Every object in the universe attracts every other object.

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What is a rocket?

A rocket is a device that expels gas in one direction to propel itself in the opposite direction.

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How do rockets work?

Rockets burn fuel, converting it into hot gas. This gas is expelled out the back of the rocket, propelling it forward.

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Orbital Velocity

The speed a rocket needs to achieve to stay in orbit around Earth.

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Escape Velocity

The speed a rocket needs to reach to break free from a planet's gravitational pull.

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What was the 'space race'?

A competition between the USA and the Soviet Union in the 1950s, driven by Cold War tensions, focused on achievements in space exploration and technology.

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Satellite

An object that orbits another object in space, the first launched by the USA.

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Space Shuttle

A reusable spacecraft that can transport crew to space, return to Earth, and be used again.

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Space Probe

A spacecraft carrying scientific instruments to collect data, without a human crew.

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Convection Zone

The outermost layer of the Sun's interior where hot gases rise, cool, and sink in a cyclical pattern, transferring energy towards the surface.

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Moon's Rotation

The Moon spins on its axis, completing one rotation in 27.3 days. This is the same amount of time it takes for the Moon to revolve around Earth.

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Moon's Revolution

The Moon's orbit around Earth, completed in 27.3 days.

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Lunar Phases

The different shapes of the Moon we see from Earth, caused by the changing angles of sunlight reflecting off the Moon's surface.

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Solar Eclipse

When the Moon passes directly between the Sun and Earth, blocking out sunlight.

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Lunar Eclipse

When Earth passes directly between the Sun and Moon, casting a shadow on the Moon.

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Tides

The rise and fall of water levels caused by the Moon's gravitational pull on Earth's oceans.

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Maria (Moon)

Dark, flat areas on the Moon's surface, formed from ancient lava flows that hardened.

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Saturn's Composition

Saturn is a gas giant, meaning it's primarily made up of swirling gases and liquids. Its atmosphere is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, with traces of ammonia, phosphine, water vapor, and hydrocarbons.

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Saturn's Color

Saturn appears hazy yellow-brown from space due to the presence of hydrocarbons and other gases in its atmosphere. It also has vibrant red, brown, and white spots, along with bands, eddies, and vortices.

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Saturn's Size

Saturn is a massive planet, nine times wider than Earth. You could fit 764 Earths inside Saturn.

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Saturn's Environment

Saturn's environment is not conducive to life as we know it. Its extreme temperatures, pressures, and materials are too volatile for organisms to adapt.

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Saturn's Moons and Life

While Saturn itself is unlikely to support life, some of its moons might. Enceladus and Titan, with their internal oceans, are potential candidates for harboring life.

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Jupiter's Surface

Jupiter is a gas giant, similar to Saturn. It also lacks a solid surface and consists of swirling gases and liquids.

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Jupiter's Color

Jupiter is known for its vibrant cloud bands and colors, including white, beige, yellow, brown, red, and orange.

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Neptune's Composition and Color

Neptune is a gas giant with a surface composed primarily of methane, hydrogen, and helium. This methane gives Neptune its characteristic bright blue color.

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Study Notes

Unit 0: Science

  • Science is a way to learn about the natural world, and the knowledge gained from this process.
  • Scientific inquiry involves various methods scientists use to study the natural world and develop explanations.
  • A manipulated variable is intentionally changed in an experiment, while a responding variable changes in response to the manipulated variable.
  • Scientific theories explain a wide range of observations, unlike scientific laws, which describe observed patterns but don't offer explanations.

Unit 1: Space Systems: The Earth in the Solar System

  • Earth's Movements: Earth rotates on its axis (rotation) and revolves around the Sun (revolution) in an elliptical orbit.
  • Earth's Orbit: Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 149.597 million kilometers.
  • Gravity: Gravity is the force that pulls all objects toward each other, as described by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.
  • Newton's Law: Every object in the universe attracts every other object.

Unit 1, Part 2: The Sun in the Solar System

  • Sun's Interior: The sun's interior is composed of the core, radiation zone, and convection zone.
  • Core: Generates energy through nuclear reactions.
  • Radiation Zone: Energy transferred through electromagnetic radiation.
  • Convection Zone: Energy transferred through loops of gas rising and falling.

Unit 1, Part 3: The Moon

  • Moon's Motions: The moon rotates and revolves around Earth.
  • Moon's Orbit: The moon's orbit around Earth takes approximately 27.3 days.
  • Phases: The phases of the moon are caused by the changing positions of the moon, Earth, and sun, and the reflection of sunlight on the moon.
  • Eclipses: Occur when the Earth, sun, and moon align, creating either a solar or lunar eclipse.
  • Tides: The moon's gravity is the main cause of tides on Earth.

Unit 1, Part 4: The Earth's Moon

  • Moon's Surface Features: The moon has maria (dark, flat areas), craters, and highlands (mountains).
  • Maria: Formed from ancient lava flows.
  • Craters: Formed from impacts.
  • Highlands: Older, more heavily cratered parts of the moon.
  • Comparison to Earth: The moon is smaller in size and has a different surface gravity than Earth.

Unit 1, Part 5: Traveling into Space

  • Rocket Function: Explodes gas in one direction to move in the opposite direction.
  • Rocket Function (details): Hot gases from burning fuel propel the rocket forward.
  • Orbital vs. Escape Velocity: Orbital velocity is needed to remain in orbit, while escape velocity is necessary to escape a planet's gravitational pull.
  • Space Race: Competition between the US and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s to achieve space exploration milestones.
  • Satellites: Objects that orbit other celestial bodies.
  • Space Shuttles: Reusable spacecraft for space travel.
  • Space Probes: Unmanned spacecraft used to collect data about space.
  • Space Stations: Large artificial satellites that are habitable.

Unit 1, Part 6: Exploring Our Solar System

  • Planets: Description of the surface (and color) of each planet
  • Luna/Jupiter: Gas giants with no solid surfaces.
  • Neptune: Primarily composed of methane, hydrogen, and helium gas. Named after the Roman god of the sea.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of science and the Earth's place in the solar system. This quiz covers scientific inquiry, variables in experiments, and the effects of gravity on Earth's movements and orbit. Test your understanding of how these concepts relate to the universe.

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