Science Unit 0 & Space Systems Unit 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the diameter of the moon?

  • 5,000 kilometers
  • 4,000 kilometers
  • 3,476 kilometers (correct)
  • 12,742 kilometers

The moon has more mass than Earth.

False (B)

What device expels gas to move in the opposite direction?

rocket

Orbital Velocity is the velocity required to establish an __________ around Earth.

<p>orbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Satellite = An object that revolves around another object in space Space Shuttle = A spacecraft that can carry a crew into space and return Space Probe = A spacecraft with scientific instruments but no human crew Rover = A vehicle designed to explore the surface of a planet</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event sparked the space race?

<p>The launch of Sputnik I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A space station is designed for short-term stays in space.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a space shuttle?

<p>To carry crew and equipment into space and return to earth for reuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily transfers energy in the radiation zone of the Sun?

<p>Electromagnetic radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Moon rotates on its axis at the same rate that it revolves around Earth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the phases of the Moon?

<p>The phases of the Moon are caused by the positions of the Moon, Earth, and Sun, along with sunlight reflecting off the Moon's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon travels completely into the _______.

<p>umbra</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features of the Moon's surface with their descriptions:

<p>Maria = Dark, flat areas mistaken for seas Craters = Large round pits formed by impacts Highlands = Light-colored, elevated areas resembling mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the gravitational pull of the Moon on the Earth?

<p>Tides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a partial lunar eclipse, the Moon travels completely into Earth's umbra.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take the Moon to rotate once on its axis?

<p>27.3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Mars's surface?

<p>Dry, cold, and rocky (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saturn has a true solid surface that can be landed on.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Mars named after?

<p>the Roman god of war</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saturn's atmosphere contains traces of ______, phosphine, water vapor, and hydrocarbons.

<p>ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the planet with its characteristic:

<p>Mars = Dry and rocky surface Saturn = Gas giant with no surface Earth = Planet the size of a nickel Enceladus = Moon capable of supporting life</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents life as we know it from existing on Saturn?

<p>Extreme temperatures and pressures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

764 Earths could fit into Mars.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of Saturn's moons that could possibly support life?

<p>Titan</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the force that pulls all objects toward each other?

<p>Gravity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A scientific theory describes an observed pattern in nature without providing an explanation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major movements of the Earth?

<p>Rotation and Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

The variable that changes because of the manipulated variable is called the ______.

<p>responding variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

<p>Mass = The amount of matter in an object Weight = The force of gravity on an object Inertia = The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion Gravity = The force that attracts all objects toward each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

What keeps the Earth and the Moon in their orbits?

<p>Inertia and Gravity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main parts of the Sun's interior?

<p>Core, Radiation zone, Convection zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation states that every object repels every other object.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Inquiry

The ways scientists study the natural world and create explanations based on evidence.

Manipulated Variable

The variable a scientist changes in an experiment.

Responding Variable

The variable that changes because of the manipulated variable.

Scientific Theory

A well-tested explanation for a broad range of observations.

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Rotation (Earth)

Earth spinning on its axis.

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Revolution (Earth)

Earth's movement around the Sun.

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Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Every object in the universe attracts every other object.

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Sun's Core

The innermost part of the Sun where nuclear reactions generate energy.

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Radiation Zone

A region of tightly packed gas where energy is mostly carried by electromagnetic radiation.

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Convection Zone

The outer layer of the sun's interior, where hot gas rises and cool gas sinks, creating loops of gas moving energy to the surface.

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Moon's Rotation

The Moon spins on its axis, taking approximately 27.3 days.

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Moon's Revolution

The Moon's orbit around Earth, taking approximately 27.3 days.

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Lunar Eclipse

When the Earth passes between the Sun and Moon, casting a shadow on the Moon.

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Lunar Eclipse Types

Total lunar eclipse: Moon completely enters Earth's umbral shadow. Partial lunar eclipse: Moon partially enters Earth's umbral shadow.

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Maria (Moon)

Dark, flat areas on the Moon's surface, formed by ancient lava flows.

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Lunar Craters

Round pits on the Moon's surface, formed by impacts of meteoroids.

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Rocket's function

A device that expels gas to move in the opposite direction.

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Rocket engine function

Turns fuel into hot gas to push the rocket forward.

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Orbital Velocity

Velocity needed for a rocket to orbit Earth.

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Escape velocity

Speed needed for a rocket or object to escape Earth's gravity.

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Moon's size compared to Earth

Moon's diameter is about one-fourth of Earth's diameter.

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Moon's mass compared to Earth

The moon has only one-eightieth the mass of Earth.

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Satellite definition

An object revolving around another object in space.

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Space probe function

Spacecraft with instruments to collect space data, no human crew.

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Rover

A small robot that explores the surface of a planet, collecting and analyzing soil and rock samples.

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Mars's Color

Mars is a reddish color, reminiscent of blood, due to the presence of iron oxide (rust) on its surface.

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Why is Mars named after the Roman god of war?

Mars's reddish color, similar to blood, led ancient Romans to associate it with their god of war, thus giving the planet its name.

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Saturn's Surface

Saturn is a gas giant, meaning it doesn't have a solid surface. It's mostly swirling gasses and liquids.

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Saturn's Appearance

Saturn appears yellowish-brownish from space with vibrant red, brown, and white spots, bands, eddies, and vortices.

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Saturn's Size

Saturn is nine times wider than Earth, meaning 764 Earths could fit inside it.

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Saturn's Naming

Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture and wealth, who was also the father of Jupiter.

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Life on Saturn?

Saturn's extreme conditions (temperatures, pressures, and materials) are not suitable for life as we know it.

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Study Notes

Unit 0: Science

  • Science is a method of learning about the natural world, and the knowledge gained through that process.
  • Scientific inquiry is the various methods scientists use to study the natural world, and propose explanations based on the collected evidence.
  • Manipulated variable: the variable scientists change in an experiment
  • Responding variable: the variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable.
  • Scientific theories explain a wide range of observations, while laws describe observed patterns in nature without explanation.

Unit 1: Space Systems: The Earth in the Solar System

  • Earth's movements: Rotation (spinning on its axis) and revolution (orbiting around the sun).

  • Orbit: The elliptical path Earth follows around the Sun.

  • Average distance from Earth to Sun: 149.597 million kilometers.

  • Gravity: The force that attracts all objects toward each other.

  • Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: Every object in the universe attracts every other object.

  • Why do Earth and the Moon stay in their orbits?: Due to inertia and gravity combining.

  • The Sun's Interior: Consists of the core (nuclear reactions generate energy), the radiation zone (energy is transferred by radiation), and the convection zone (hot gases rise and cool, transferring energy).

  • Moon's Motions: Rotation and revolution around Earth.

  • Moon-related phenomena: Phases, eclipses (Solar and Lunar), and tides.

  • Mass: the amount of matter in an object

  • Weight: the force of gravity on an object

  • Inertia: tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.

  • Moon's Features: Maria (dark, flat areas), craters (round pits), and highlands (mountainous areas).

  • Comparison between Earth and Moon in terms of size and gravity: Earth is significantly larger and has a much stronger gravitational pull than the Moon.

  • Conditions on the Moon: Cold, dry, rocky with varying surface features such as craters, maria, and highlands.

  • Formation of the Solar System: The solar system formed from rocky debris approximately 4.5 billion years ago.

Unit 1: Part 5: Traveling Into Space

  • Rocket: A device using gas expulsion to move in the opposite direction.
  • Rocket Function: Burning fuel to create hot gas, which is expelled to propel the rocket forward.
  • Orbital Velocity: The velocity needed for a rocket to maintain an orbit around Earth.
  • Escape Velocity: The speed necessary for a rocket to overcome Earth's gravity and leave its orbit.
  • Space Race: A competition between the US and the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s focused on space exploration.
  • Satellite: An object orbiting another object in space.
  • Space Shuttle: A reusable spacecraft designed for space travel.
  • Space Station: A large artificial satellite that people can live and work in for extended periods.
  • Space Probe: A spacecraft without human crew that carries scientific instruments to collect data.
  • Rover: A robot that moves around on the surface of a planet to explore and sample.

Unit 1: Part 6: Traveling Into Space - continued

  • Space Station Applications: Repairing damaged satellites, carrying astronauts and equipment, and research in microgravity environments.

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Description

Explore the foundations of science and the intricate workings of Earth's movements in the solar system. This quiz covers scientific inquiry, the definitions of manipulated and responding variables, and the principles of gravity and planetary motion. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts!

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