Science, Technology, and Society

Science, Technology, and Society

• Focuses on natural world knowledge via the scientific method
• Initially called "philosophy of the natural world" due to Greek origins
• Early scientists were known as "philosophers of nature"

Technology Defined

• Originates from the Greek word "Tekhne," meaning "art or craft," and "logia," denoting a subject of interest
• Involves practical applications of natural knowledge through scientific principles for human betterment

CHED Memorandum Order No. 20

• An interdisciplinary course examining science and technology's impact on society
• Considers socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical factors
• Aims to foster reflective knowledge and ethical decision-making in students

Ancient Times

• Key concerns included transportation, communication, security, health, and aesthetics

Transportation

• People needed to travel to discover new places and find food
• Navigation played a crucial role when traveling to unfamiliar territories

Communication

• Record keeping was important for documenting travels, trades, and establishing identities

Weapons and Armor

• Development was significant for security, protecting weaker nations from stronger ones

Sumerian Civilization

• Located at the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia
• Known for cooperation and ambition

Cuneiform

• The first writing system
• Used word pictures and triangle symbols carved on clay, then dried

Uruk City

• Considered the first true city
• Built using mud and clay from the river, mixed with reeds to form sun-baked bricks

The Great Ziggurat of Ur

• Served as a sacred place for their chief god
• Only priests could enter
• A massive stone structure resembling pyramids with terraced levels
• Symbolized a link between gods and humankind
• Functioned as shelter from floods

Irrigations and Dikes

• Enabled year-round farming by bringing water to fields and controlling river flooding
• Considered one of the world's most beneficial engineering works

Sailboats

• Addressed the challenge of transportation before the wheel was invented
• Waterways were the main mode of transport

Wheel

• Invented later in Sumerian history due to availability of specialized tools
• Initially used for farm work and food processing, not transportation

The Plow

• Invented to dig the earth faster for planting seeds efficiently
• Farmers dropped seeds as the plow broke the ground

Roads

• Developed for faster and easier travel
• Constructed using sun-baked bricks covered with bitumen, a substance like asphalt

Babylonian Civilization

• Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
• Major builders, engineers, and architects
• Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

• A multi-layered garden structure containing various plant species
• Legend says King Nebuchadnezzar II built it for his wife, Queen Amytis

Egyptian Civilization

• Located in North Africa
• Contributed essential practical things to the modern world in addition to the pyramids

Paper or Papyrus

• An early contribution of the Egyptian civilization
• Papyrus was abundant along the Nile River

Ink

• Invented by the Egyptians by combining soot with different colors to use with papyrus

Hieroglyphics

• A writing system developed by the Egyptians using symbols
• Egyptians believed their gods provided this system

Cosmetics

• The Egpytians invented the use of cosmetics
• Kohl, made from soot or malachite and mineral galena, was worn around the eyes
• Purpose was to prevent and cure eye diseases
• Egyptians believed makeup protected them from evil and signified holiness

Wig

• Worn for health and wellness reasons, not aesthetics
• Protected the shaved heads of wealthy Egyptians from the sun

Greek Civilization

• Located in the southeastern part of Europe as an archipelago
• Known as the birthplace of western philosophy
• Accomplishments included in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics

Alarm Clock

• Invented by the ancient Greeks with the original use surviving to this day
• Used water dropping into drums to sound the alarm

Water Mill

• Considered highly important
• Better than mills powered by animals due to less effort and time needed

Roman Civilization

• Perceived as the strongest political and social entity in the West
• Considered the cradle of politics and governance

Newspaper

• Romans contributed with "GAZETTES," engraved and displayed on metal or stone tablets

Bound Books or Codex

• Julius Caesar began stacking papyrus into book pages and later providing covers
• Early covers were made of wax, replaced by animal skin for durability

Roman Numerals

• Created to meet communication and trade needs
• Provided a standard counting method

Chinese Civilization

• Considered the oldest civilization in Asia
• Also known as the Middle Kingdom, located in the far east of Asia

Silk

• The Chinese developed the silk harvesting technology
• Used the silk produced by silkworms to produce paper and clothing

Tea Production

• Involves pouring hot water over crushed dried tea leaves
• First drunk by a Chinese emperor
• Tea is one of the world's most popular beverages due to this

The Great Wall of China

• Once considered the only man-made structure visible from space
• The largest infrastructure built by the nation
• Constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control borders
• Construction put China among the powerful ancient civilizations

Gunpowder

• Chinese alchemists originally developed it while seeking immortality
• They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate
• Accidentally created a black powder that generates heat and gas

Medieval/Middle Ages

• Massive invasions and migrations resulted in wars
• Characterized by the prevalence of wars.

Printing Press

• Johann Gutemberg invented a reliable way of printing using a cast type
• Used wooden machines to press metal letters onto paper for exact impressions

Microscope

• Zacharias Janssen developed the first compound microscope
• Guided by the principles used for eyeglasses
• Allowed observation of organisms normally unseen by the naked eye

Modern Times

• The booming 19th century demanded more goods at a faster rate

Pasteurization

• Louis Pasteur invented the process
• Heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria to prevent spoiling

Petroleum Refinery

• Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining petroleum
• Kerosene was later called "illuminating oil" for use in lighting homes

Telephone

• Alexander Graham Bell's invention allowed people to connect and communicate easily in real time

Philippine Inventions

• Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines contributes to global science and technology
• Discoveries and inventions were built from indigenous materials for the harsh tropical environment

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle

• Created by H2O Technologies, led by Dominic Chung and Lamberto Armada
• Designed by Victor "Atoy" Llave
• An amphibious tricycle that can cross flooded streets, rivers, and lakes

SALT Lamp

• Filipina inventor Aisa Mijeno developed a lighting system using saltwater

Medical Incubator

• Dr. Fe del Mundo, the first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical School, created an incubator from indigenous materials that doesn't use electricity
• It involves nesting native laundry baskets with hot water bottles for warmth and a makeshift hood for oxygen

Ejeepney

• A major innovation in the Philippines as a public utility vehicle using old military jeeps, left by the Americans after WW II
• The chassis and body were extended to accommodate more loads and passengers