Science, Technology and Society

Historical antecedents and social considerations

• Objectives: the interactions between science, technology, and society throughout history, scientific and technological developments effect on the environment and identify the paradigm shifts in history

Science and Technology

• Science is a systematized body of knowledge based on facts gathered through observation and experimentation
• Technology is applied science
• Thomas Edison based his lightbulb on electricity findings.
• Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry: the first scientists to study electricity.
• Technology comes from the Greek words tekhnē (art, craft) and –logia or -logos (the study of).
• Technology helps produce medicine, preserve food, and develop new energy sources
• The computer is just one of its products

Ancient Age

• In the ancient civilization growth, technology was the result of advances developed in engineering in ancient times
• Islamic world, a geopolitical region that has at times extended from al-Andalus and Africa in the west to the Indian subcontinent and Malay Archipelago in the east developed significant inventions
• Ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, China, Persia, Greek and Hellenistic, and Roman civilizations had contribution to the development of technology

Mesopotamia

• Civilization was one of the first Bronze-age cultures in the world that used copper, bronze and gold, and later they used iron
• Palaces were decorated with hundreds of kilograms of these very expensive metals Copper, bronze, and iron were used for armor as well as for different weapons such as swords, daggers, spears, and maces
• Sennacherib, King of Assyria, used the Archimedes' screw for the water systems at the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and Nineveh in the 7th century BCE.
• The most important advance made was the invention of writing by the Sumerians.
• The invention of writing brought: the first recorded laws called the Code of Hammurabi as well as the first major piece of literature called the Epic of Gilgamesh.
• The oldest wheel was discovered in Mesopotamia.
• Sumer first used the wheel in making pottery in 3500BC, and for chariots around 3200 BC.
• Civilization used a sexagesimal number system with the base 60, and divided time into 60s which is still in current practice
• Circle was divided into 360 degrees
• Mesopotamians had formulas for circumference and area for different geometric shapes
• Mesopotamians may have even discovered the number for pi in figuring the circumference of a circle
• Babylonian astronomy followed the movements of the stars, planets, and the Moon
• Predicted the movements of several planets, and by studying the phases of the Moon, created the first calendar which had 12 lunar months and predecessor for Jewish calendar.
• Babylonian medicine used logic and recorded medical history to diagnose and treat illnesses using creams and pills.
• There existed two kinds of medical practices, magical and physical.
• First to use the potter's wheel for pottery, irrigation to water crops, bronze metal/iron metal for strong tools and weapons, and looms to weave cloth from wool

Egypt

• Ancient people invented simple machines, such as the ramp to aid construction processes
• Among the first to extract gold by large-scale mining using fire-setting
• Turin papyrus: first recognised map that shows Nubia mine .
• Paper and pottery were mass-produced and exported throughout the Mediterranean basin.
• The wheel did not arrive until foreign invaders introduced the chariot.
• Egyptians developed Mediterranean maritime technology including ships and lighthouses.
• They used bricks made up mainly of clay, sand, silt, and other minerals with its primary use in flood control and irrigation, especially along the Nile delta.

Africa

• Technology stretches back to the beginning of the human species.
• Saw the advent of some of earliest tool use by hominid ancestors and ironing technology
• Haya people of Tanzania created the world's oldest carbon steel with high-temperature blast furnaces. Some of the world's oldest monuments (pyramids and towers) were built in Egypt, Nubia, and North Africa.

Indian Subcontinent

• Science and technology history dates back to the earliest civilizations of the world
• Indus Valley civilization showed evidence of mathematics, hydrography, metrology, and sewage collection and disposal practiced
• Indus Valley Civilization featured city planning and sanitation technologies with cities that use closed gutters, public baths, and communal granaries
• Takshashila University was an important center of learning in the ancient world for students from all over Asia.
• Many Greek, Persian and Chinese students studied here
• The ancient system of medicine in India, Ayurveda uses mainly herbs as medicines, traced back to the Atharvaveda
• The Sushruta Samhita (400 BC) by Sushruta detailed cataract and plastic surgery Panel found at Mohenjo-daro depicts a sailing craft The Yukti Kalpa Taru, an ancient Indian text on Shipbuilding described ship construction

Vaastu Shastra

• The Indian construction and architecture shows a thorough understanding or materials engineering, hydrology, and sanitation.
• The culture pioneered the use of vegetable dyes, cultivating plants including indigo and cinnabar, and perfume shows some knowledge of chemistry, distillation and purification processes.

China

• History shows significant advances in science, technology, mathematics, and astronomy such as first recorded observations of comets, solar eclipses, and supernovae
• Traditional medicine, acupuncture and herbal medicine were also practiced
• Four Great Inventions: the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing were major technological advances
• According to the Scottish researcher Joseph Needham, the Chinese made many first-known discoveries and developments such as early seismological detectors, matches, paper, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, the iron plough, the propellant.
• The solid-fuel rocket was invented about 1150 AD, nearly 200 years after the invention of black powder, so that it may act as rocket's fuel
• When Ferdinand Magellan's ships reached Brunei in 1521, they found a wealthy city fortified by Chinese engineers, and protected by a breakwater.
• Antonio Pigafetta noted that much of the technology of Brunei was equal to Western technology

Persia

• Qanat, a water management system used for irrigation, originated in Iran which still provides drinking and agricultural water

Greek and Hellenistic

• Greek technology developed during the 5th century BC
• Greeks credited with the gear, screw, bronze casting techniques, water clock, water organ (hydraulis), torsion siege engine, and the use of steam to operate some experimental machines and toys
• Hero of Alexandria invented a basic steam engine, and Archimedes invented several machines
• Greeks in times as they combine scientific research with the development of new technologies uniquely
• Greeks technologies such as the ballistae, the piston pump, and primitive analog computers contributed to building the first true domes, and were the first to explore the Golden ratio and its relationship with geometry and architecture
• Hellenistic technicians first invented watermills and windwheels
• Greek inventions included torsion catapults pneumatic catapults, crossbows, cranes, rutways
• Greek engineers constructed monumental lighthouses such as the Pharos and devised the first central heating systems
• The Tunnel of Eupalinos: earliest tunnel in history which has been excavated with a scientific approach from both ends
• Automata like vending machines, automatic doors and many other ingenious devices were first built by Hellenistic engineers as Ctesibius, Philo of Byzantium and Heron
• Greek studies helped develop these

Roman civilisation

• supported commerce and military expansion with advanced technology such as road building
• Feats in civil engineering, construction materials, and transport technology, and technology like the mechanical reaper were unmatched until 19th century.
• Sophisticated agriculture using advanced iron working and stonemasonry with laws providing for individual ownership.
• They built aqueducts on a grand scale, using water not just for drinking supplies but also for irrigation, and the first hydraulic mining methods for prospecting for metal ores
• Constructed arches, amphitheatres, aqueducts, public baths, harbours, dams, vaults and domes on a very large scale
• Inventions like the book (Codex), glass blowing and concrete contributed to buildings that have lasted 2000 years
• Roman society carried over the design of a door lock with tumblers and springs from Greece whose origin is unknown
• Civilization was highly urbanized, and constructed fountains and waterworks from stone that would last

Mesoamerica and Andean Region

• Lacking suitable beasts of burden and inhabiting domains mountainous or boggy, the ancient civilizations did not develop wheeled transport, or transport with animal power, but created advanced engineering in the form of aqueducts, complex terracing, and quake-proof masonry
• Gold-working commenced early in Peru (2000 BCE), and eventually copper, tin, lead and bronze were used in sophisticated alloys and gilding.
• The Native Americans developed a complex understanding of chemical properties and the first invention of rubber which was used to create rubber bands, rubber bindings, balls, syringes, 'raincoats,' boots, and waterproof insulation on containers and flasks.

Medieval Technology in Christian Europe

• The Renaissance of the 12th century produced inventions, innovations, and economic growth
• Saw major technological advances, including the adoption of gunpowder, vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, and greatly improved water mills
• Building techniques such Gothic architecture, agriculture in general (three-field crop rotation), and vertical windmills

Civil Technologies

• Carruca (6th to 9th centuries) was a type of heavy wheeled plough consisting of four major parts: a Coulter at the bottom of the plough, the plowshare, the mold board, and the team
• The advantage this plow had was less need or cross-plowing
• Ard an early medieval plough involved sharpened wooden post and was inefficient for more firm northern soil
• Horse Collar (6th to 9th centuries) was a rigid collar that fitted comfortably and eliminated asphyxiation
• Horseshoes (9th century) allowed horses to carry larger loads and move around on hard surfaces, weighed roughly half a pound with eight nails by the 14th century
• Crop Rotation (8th century) included the two and three field system

Medieval Architecture

• Wine Press (12th century) enabled the mechanical pressing of wine one plane surface to increase wine yield
• Qanat: An underground passage used to water fields, crops, and provide drinking water
• Artesian well (1126) involves drilling a hole using a thin metal rod so that artesian pressure forces water up from the hole
• Central heating through underfloor channels (9th century) involved simpler central heating built under the floor of Reichenau Abbey
• Rib vault (12th century) allowed vaults to be built over rectangles of unequal lengths increasing building options
• Chimney (12th century) saw the first true fireplaces
• Segmental arch bridges (1345) such as The Ponte Vecchio saw the development of Europe's first store bridge
• Treadwheel crane (1220s) and Floating Crane: both used in harbors for easy mobility
• Mast crane was made for sailing ships
• Wheelbarrow (1170s) proved useful in construction as proven by literary evidence
• Oil paint (by 1125) was used for painting
• The Hourglass 1338 was used for reasonably dependable, affordable and accurate time
• Mechanical clocks (13th to 14th centuries) were used in clock towers
• Compound crank by Guido da Vigevano combined cranks for war carriages and paddle wheel boats

Metallurgy

• Blast furnace (1150–1350) was the European equivalent
• Paper mill (13th century) uses water powered paper mills
• Rolling mill (15th Century) used Rolling Mill to make lead, gold and tin foil
• Tidal Mills (6th Century) are excavated on the Irish coast
• Vertical windmills (1180s) came from Yorkshire

Military Inventions

• Spurs (11th century) invented by the Normans, leaving their arms free
• Stirrup (6th century) enabled wield of sword which provided mounted cavalry.
• Cannon (1324) Gunpowder led cannon and weapon development
• Plate armor (14th Century) consisted of a cuissass, a gorget, vambraces, gauntlets, cuisses, greaves, and sabatons held together by leather straps
• Gunpowder weapons

Navigational Inventions

• The Dry compass 12th century invented by Alexander Neckham

Printing, Paper, and Reading Inventions

• Moveable Type printing press (1440s) invented by Johannes Gutenberg used separate pieces
• Paper (13th century) invented in China and Islamic Spain
• Rotating bookmark (13th Century)
• Spectacles (1280's) Convex lenses were used
• Watermark (1282) innovation helps mark paper, and stop counterfeiting,

Social Tools

• Functional button (13Th century) helped spread the idea of snug clothing.
• Horizontal Loom (11th Century) allowed people to trade feet for speed on loom
• Silk (6th century) allowed people to create fabric
• Spinning wheel (13Th century) help spin fabric

Important European Scientific Studies

• Universities
• Illustrated study of Atlas surgery (1345) by Guido de Vigevano
• Quarintine (of patients with possibly infectious disease
• Mirrors and Magnets were invented and studied.

Military Science

• The development of armored cavalry (11th century), plate armor, gunpowder, and weaponry

Modern Age: Industrial Revolution

• Great technological discovery, particularly in the areas of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, metallurgy, and transport, driven by by the discovery of steam power.
• Second industrial revolution with the harnessing of electricity that led to electric motor and light bulb
• Rise in technology led to skyscrapers and broad urban areas leading them to depend of motors for food supply
• Communication also improves with telegraph, telephone, radio and television
• Revolution via invention of air plane and automobile transformed transportation
• Miniaturizing technology led to: missiles, satellites, the Internet, and medicine, this led to travel to the moon and new meds

Notable People from the American era

• In medicine, Dr. Joseph Murray
• Engineering with George Devol
• Computer era with IBM 1983
• Digital improvements with photoshop
• Genetic with Watson and Crick
• Tim Berners invented the internet

Important inventions of DOST

• Important people Dr, Fe del Mundo (in the field of Pediatrics(incubator & Jaundice diease)
• Dr. Eduardo Quisumbing (in the field of Plant taxonomy(medicinal plants)
• Dr. Gavino Trono (in the field of tropical marine Phycology (seaweed farming) and
  Maria Y. Orosa (1893-1945)

Before Span colonisilation

• there was medicinal properties of plants and methods of extraction alphabet
• number system weighing and measuring system, and calendar.
• they developed in: farming,shipbuilding, Mining and weaving by.Banaue rice Terraces

Span colonialism

• The colonization from the Span contributes to growth of science in the Archipelago
• they introduced reading Writing and arithmetic
• Medicine was given priority construction of gov buldings churches, roads Bridges and forts

The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American rule

• the Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior in 1905
• Science during the American period inclined towards agriculture, medicine, and the discovery and improvement of atomic components

The rise of Pres Marcos to power

• Marcos Era and Martial law declared the “advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development."
• the Second State of the Nation Address on January 23, 1967, he declared that science was necessary for the development programs, and thus, directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science courses in public high schools.
• In his Third State of the Nation Address on January 22, 1968,
• The development of other things: the (NSDB), philippine Coconut research institute., Philippine textile reasearch inst.

Era or Philippine Presidents

The importance of: · R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened roads Together with "Science for the Masses Program" which aimed at scientific technology · Fidel V. Ramos believes the means wherein the Philippians could. · the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749 The Philippines was "golden age," by then, the new secretary Estrella · the Philippines was "golden age," by then, the new secretary Estrella albastro.