Science, Technology and Society

• Science is both a body of knowledge and a process for learning about the natural world. It focuses on natural phenomena, using experiments and evidence. Scientific knowledge evolves, open to questioning and revision.
• Technology applies scientific knowledge to achieve specific goals, like healthcare advancement.
• Society relies on science for knowledge and benefits from technology for daily living enhancements.

Examples of Non-Scientific Fields

• Astrology relies on beliefs about stars affecting lives, not on proven methods.
• Alchemy mixes mysticism with early chemistry, lacking scientific basis.
• Acupuncture is partly science, rooted in Traditional Chinese medicine.

Science and Technology in Everyday Life

• Revolutionize transportation for faster, safer travel
• Allow instant global connection
• Improve food safety and health via advanced farming and medical tools
• Help protect nature, reduce pollution, and create clean energy

Science, Technology, and Society (STS)

• Interconnected and influence one another
• Science is a systematized body of knowledge that explains natural phenomena to improve life quality.
• Technology applies scientific knowledge to achieve goals like transportation advancements.

Scientific Revolution (16th-18th centuries)

• Period of significant advances in biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, and mathematics.
• The printing press helped spread knowledge and increase the number of scholars.
• Despite religious resistance, scientists pursued knowledge, advancing various fields.

Ancient Technologies and Their Evolution

• Early gunpowder led to advanced weapons.
• Steam engines evolved into modern power plants.
• Early writing led to digital communication.
• Water pumps became turbines for efficient resource management.
• Steam-powered devices evolved into automobiles.
• Early number systems evolved into binary coding.
• Basic medical tools evolved into advanced diagnostics.

Past vs. Present Technologies

• Floppy disks evolved into USB flash drives, which provide higher storage and durability.
• Traditional books evolved into e-books, which offer digital libraries.
• Televisions evolved into UHDTV for enhanced image quality.
• Video cameras evolved into high-definition camcorders with editing capabilities.
• ENIAC evolved into portable, user-friendly calculators.

Important Scientific Discoveries

• Anesthesia, discovered by Humphry Davy, revolutionized surgery.
• Electricity, discovered by Benjamin Franklin, formed the base for electrical engineering.
• Louis Pasteur's germ theory improved disease prevention through hygiene and vaccination.
• The discovery of fingerprints by William Herschel advanced forensic identification.
• The DNA structure, discovered by Crick & Watson, revolutionized genetics.
• Penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming, was the first antibiotic to save millions of lives.
• Edward Jenner pioneered vaccinations, crucial for deadly disease prevention.
• Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory shifted the understanding of the universe's structure.
• The Rosetta Stone was discovered by French soldiers and deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs.
• The Taung Child, discovered by Raymond Dart, provided key evidence in human evolution studies.

Scientific Revolution: Key Changes

• Geocentric Model was replaced by Copernicus' Heliocentric Model.
• Galen's Anatomy was corrected by Andreas Vesalius
• Alchemy turned into systematic Chemistry.
• Irrational Medicine evolved into Scientific Medicine.
• Dogmatic Beliefs were replaced by Rationalism and Empiricism.

Challenges Faced by Scientists

• Religious and Traditional Opposition limited support for the heliocentric model.
• Lack of Equipment made research difficult.
• Censorship restricted some scientific works.
• Scientists needed funding from powerful patrons.
• Disciplinary Gaps initially separated Chemistry, Biology, and Medicine

Scientific Findings

• Galen's animal anatomy led to errors in blood circulation theories.
• Andreas Vesalius corrected Galen's mistakes via human dissections.
• William Harvey discovered blood circulation.

Key Scientific Contributors

• Robert Boyle is the Father of modern chemistry and formulated Boyle's Law.
• Antoine Lavoisier established the Law of Conservation of Mass
• René Descartes promoted rationalism and logic in science.
• Francis Bacon developed the scientific method.

Industrial Revolutions

• Industry 1.0 (1784) introduced steam engines and mechanical production.
• Industry 2.0 (1870) had electricity led to powered assembly lines.
• Industry 3.0 (1969) involved computers and electronic devices for automation.
• Industry 4.0 (2010) involved the internet, cyber-physical systems, and smart technologies.
• Industry 5.0 (2020) involves human-robot collaboration and hyper-customization.

Bill Gates and Steve Jobs

• Bill Gates focused on software and making affordable computers.
• Steve Jobs emphasized intuitive design and user experience.

Socio-Ethical Issues in Technology

• Monopolistic Practices raised concerns about stifling competition.
• Intellectual Property Disputes highlighted ethical concerns.
• Corporate Responsibility raised questions about ethical leadership.
• Philanthropy vs. Profit raised questions about the ethical evolution of businesses.

Impact of Bill Gates and Steve Jobs

• Technological Democracy occurred when Gates made computers accessible.
• Modern work and communication were created by software like Microsoft Office.
• Innovation Legacy happened when Gates' philanthropy addressed global challenges.

Pre-Colonial Science and Technology in the Philippines

• Early Filipinos utilized culture, traditions and indigenous knowledge before colonization.
• Their scientific knowledge was adapted into daily life:
  • Agriculture
  • Animal Husbandry
  • Medicine
  • Astronomy
• Their technologies were:
  • House building
  • Tool developments
  • Musical instrument creation
• Metal age artifacts implies skills in metallurgy and craftsmanship
• Trade with other countries lead to cultural and technological exchange
• These practices are considered Indigenous Science or Folk Science

Spanish Colonization (1565-1898)

• Formal education and structured learning began
• Science education focused on celestial bodies and medicine
• Technology development focused on farming and construction
• Galleon trade facilitated technology exchange
• The Philippines as a global center expereinced growth hindered by Catholic Doctrines

American Colonization (1898-1946)

• Americans had a greater impact
• Public education
• University of the Philippines was built
  • Public hospitals were upgraded
  • Mining and mineral exploration developed
• Americans wanted to "Americanize" the Philippines
• Reorganization of Science education was implemented in the Philippines
• Science evolved over time from nature to something new
• Focus was put on tropical diseases

WWII

• WWII devastation devastated Schools infrastructures
• There was an economic and technological stall
• Post-war recovery efforts were implemented from Japan
• A focus of development occurred in the country

Factors Influencing Science & Technology in the Philippines

• Internal:
  • Survival
  • Culture
  • Economic Activities
• External: -Foreign Colonizers -Trade -Global Economic Demands

Challenges in Science & Technology

• Improving science education
• Slow progress
• Low enrollment in STEM

Smarter Philippines Initiative

• Fostering a Progressive and Efficient Society
• Developing a Strong Domestic Knowledge Economy
• Enhancing Quality of Life

Components of Smarter Philippines

• Smarter Governance
• Improved Economic Conditions
• Environmental Sustainability
• Enhanced Living Standards
• Resource-Sharing Strategies
• Effective Solutions

Programs and Policies to Advance Science & Technology

• Philppines implemented programs to prepare for demands
• ASEAN (2015) made consultations on how the Philippines could improve
• This resulted in four major areas:
  • Social Sciences, Humanities, Education -Physics, Engineering, Industrial Research
  • Medical, Chemical
  • Biological Sciences

Additional Science and Technology Programs by the Philippine Government

• Funding Research and Patents
• Scholarships for Science and Technology Students
• Expansion of the Philippine Science High School System
• Science and Technology Parks
• Balik Scientist Program
• National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex (UP Diliman)
• Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering (PAASE) Initiatives

Science-Related Programs and Projects in Education

• Social science classes were made
• Science improvement in basic education occurred
• STEM was incorporated in K to 12 Program
• Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PICARI) Project

Key Research and Development Areas in the Philippines

• Alternative and safe energy sources
• Harnessing mineral resources
• Finding cures for diseases and illnesses
• Addressing climate change and global warming
• Increasing food production
• Preserving natural resources
• Developing disaster preparedness and response strategies
• Infrastructure development

Top 10 Outstanding Filipino Scientists

• Ramon Cabanos Barba: Tissue culture in Philippine mangoes.
• Josefino Cacas Comiso: Antarctica research with satellite images.
• Jose Bejar Cruz Jr: electrical engineering expert and officer.
• Lourdes Jansuy Cruz: sea snail venom study.
• Fabian Millar Dayrit: herbal medicine scholar.
• Rafael Dineros Guerrero III: tilapia culture innovator.
• Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr: meconium drug testing inventor.
• Lillian Formalejo Patena: plant biotechnology researcher.
• Mari Jo Panganiban Ruiz: mathematics and graph theory contributor.
• Gregory Ligot Tangonan: communications technology research.

Other Prominent Filipino Scientists

• Caesar A. Saloma: notable physicist.
• Eduardo Gomez: notable marine science expert.
• William Padolina: Chemist and President (NAST).
• Angel Alcala: prominent marine science contributor.

Ethics and Virtue Theory

• Aristotle defined virtue as excellence, resulting from repeated action.
• Emphasizes individual character
• Is the state of being a good person
• Good people are made from constant improvement
• A good person is Eudaimonia

Understanding The Golden Mean

• A core element is the GOLDEN MEAN
• Virtues like courage are a product of balance
• Balance out situations accurately
• Can assess good and bad behaviors

Honesty Analysis

• honesty encompasses integrity
• Honest people are reliable
• Honesty is the balance between deceitfulness and bluntness.

Generosity Study

• Generosity give freely
• A generous person considers others
• Generosity requires a heart of gold

Science as Method and Result

-Objectivity: Promotes unbiased pursuit due to standard procedures.

• Observation: Recognize and document occurrences that lack immediate explanation.
• Problem Determination: Identification of factors involved within complexities.
• Hypothesis Formulation: Construction of theories through previous conclusions. The goals is to reject or accept to count is as significant.
• Executing Experiment: Setup to allow dependent, independent variables.
• Data Interpretation: Check information to conclude results.
• Conclusion.

Concepts on Well Being

• "human flourishing" or "a life well-lived."
• achievement fulfills happiness and empowerment.
• Practical Wisdom needs good actions
• Good actions require insight to find a equilibrium.

Eudaimonia

The goal of is "human flourishing"

• Eudaimonia also includes:
• wisdom
• community
• purpose

Indigenous Science Overview

• A science followed by ancient civilizations
• Consisting of knowledge, expertise and representations -It requires people to:
• Have respect
• Learn how to act
• Practice culture

Components of Indigenous Science

• Land acknowledgement
• Respect for "Mother Earth"
• Indigenous farming methods