Science, Technology, and Society Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which moon is characterized by having the smoothest surface in the Solar System?

  • Europa (correct)
  • Ganymede
  • Callisto
  • Io

What is the diameter of Io, the innermost moon of Jupiter?

  • 4,300 km
  • 3,642 km (correct)
  • 5,400 km
  • 3,121.6 km

Which of the following statements about the Galilean moons is true?

  • Europa is the smallest of the Galilean moons.
  • Callisto has a larger diameter than Ganymede.
  • All moons are named after Roman deities.
  • Io is the nearest to Jupiter. (correct)

Which factor describes the relationship between a planet's distance from the sun and its speed?

<p>The farther a planet is, the slower it moves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which goddess is Europa named after?

<p>Queen of Crete (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period did the transition from medieval to modern scientific philosophy primarily occur?

<p>Late 15th century to late 18th century (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the transition in scientific thought during the early modern period?

<p>Scientific Revolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which invention was NOT highlighted as an influence on scientific development during the early modern period?

<p>Steam engine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following scientists published the heliocentric theory in 1543?

<p>Copernicus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Thomas Kuhn associate with major innovations in science?

<p>Scientific Paradigms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the social factors that contributed to the transformation of traditional science during this period?

<p>Growth of world trade (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Historians are increasingly reluctant to describe the changes in scientific thought as a revolution because it implies what?

<p>A sudden and complete overthrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Aristotle's role in the scientific discourse of the early modern period?

<p>His authority waned slowly over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements was NOT a belief held by Johannes Kepler?

<p>All planets move about the Sun in circular orbits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant work did Johannes Kepler write that discussed his ideas about heliocentrism?

<p>De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon does Kepler's law of retrograde motion explain?

<p>The faster inner planets appearing to move backward when overtaking slower outer planets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the eccentricity of an ellipse measure?

<p>How flattened an ellipse is compared to a circle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Kepler hesitant to publish his findings?

<p>He feared retribution from the church. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kepler's model, which celestial body is described as the center of the universe?

<p>Sun (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Kepler utilize Tycho Brahe's work?

<p>He used Brahe's astronomical data to formulate his own laws of planetary motion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of ellipses state regarding the motion of planets?

<p>Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one of the foci. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for Tycho Brahe's death?

<p>Prematurely caused by a burst bladder or kidney failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was responsible for adding a preface to Brahe's work?

<p>Andreas Osiander (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the title of Brahe's significant work after it was transformed?

<p>Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model is known as Tychonic System or Tychonian Model?

<p>A model combining geocentrism and heliocentrism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Brahe's primary contribution to astronomy?

<p>Constructing a comprehensive star catalog (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant astronomical event did Brahe observe on November 11, 1572?

<p>A new star brighter than Venus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the location of Brahe's small observatory constructed in 1571?

<p>On the property of a relative (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who demanded a reprint from Johann Petreius regarding Brahe's work?

<p>Tiedemann Giese (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant challenge did Tycho Brahe face that impacted his work?

<p>A shortage of paper for his printing office (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Johannes Kepler's Mysterium Cosmographicum?

<p>The structure of the universe using regular polygons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Universal Gravitation help explain about the moon's relationship with Earth?

<p>The moon's gravitational influence on tides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Kepler's support for Copernicus affect his academic career?

<p>It ensured he would not receive an offer for a position at Tübingen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Brahe's key contributions to astronomy?

<p>Improving data quality through meticulous observation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Law of Inertia?

<p>An object will maintain its state of motion unless acted upon by an external force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which astronomical instrument did Brahe enhance for plotting orbits?

<p>The armillary sphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the sun experiencing less acceleration according to the Law of Acceleration?

<p>Its mass and size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the gravitational force acting on moving planets?

<p>Planets orbit in elliptical paths around the sun (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the University of Tübingen's role in Kepler's career?

<p>It recommended him for a mathematician position in Graz (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did Kepler begin composing Mysterium Cosmographicum?

<p>1594 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Interaction state about the forces between two bodies?

<p>Both bodies exert an equal and opposite force on each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did Kepler's observations of planetary motion have?

<p>They provided crucial data for later astronomers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inventions was created by Newton involving mirrors?

<p>A telescope using reflectors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a contribution of Newton to the field of science?

<p>The discovery of electromagnetic waves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does the Law of Universal Gravitation help to find?

<p>The mass of the sun and planets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Early Modern Period

The period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

Scientific Revolution

A time of important changes in science, ideas, social structure, religion and economics.

Heliocentric Theory

The idea that the sun is the center of our solar system.

Mechanistic View

The concept that the world works like a machine, with predictable and observable rules.

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Copernicus

A scientist who proposed the heliocentric theory.

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Kepler, Galileo, Newton

Famous scientists who advanced scientific thinking.

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Commercial Revolution

Dramatic increase in world trade.

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Paradigm Shift

Significant change in scientific understanding and accepted theories.

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Kepler's Heliocentric Model

The idea that the Sun is at the center of the solar system, and planets orbit it.

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Planetary Orbits

Planets move in elliptical paths around the Sun.

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Kepler's Laws

Rules that describe how planets move around the Sun, specifically their elliptical orbits and speeds.

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Retrograde Motion

The apparent backward movement of a planet in the sky as viewed from Earth.

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Ellipse

A flattened circle.

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Eccentricity

A measure of how elongated an ellipse is compared to a perfect circle.

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Tycho Brahe

Astronomer whose detailed observations of the planets' positions were crucial for Kepler's work.

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De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium

Title of Copernicus's book proposing a Sun-centered solar system

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Galilean Moons

Jupiter's four largest moons, discovered by Galileo.

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Kepler's Second Law

A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time as it orbits the sun.

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Io (moon)

The innermost moon of Jupiter, named after a Greek mythological figure.

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Europa (moon)

A moon of Jupiter with a smooth icy surface.

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Orbital Speed & Distance

A planet's orbital speed increases when closer to the sun and decreases when further away.

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Tychonic System

A model of the solar system where the Earth is the center, but all other planets revolve around the Sun.

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Uraniborg

An observatory built by Tycho Brahe in 1571 to make astronomical observations.

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New Star

A supernova observed by Tycho Brahe in 1572, challenging the idea of an unchanging universe.

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Copernicus's Revolutionary Ideas

The heliocentric theory, which states that the Sun is the center of the solar system, not the Earth.

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Osiander's Preface

A disclaimer added to Copernicus's book, suggesting the heliocentric theory was just a mathematical tool, not a true description of reality.

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Tycho Brahe's Death

Tycho Brahe died in 1601, possibly from a burst bladder or kidney failure.

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Kepler's Astronomia Nova

A book by Johannes Kepler that revealed the true role of Osiander's preface in Copernicus's book.

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Law of Universal Gravitation

Every object attracts every other object with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

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Law of Inertia

An object in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity, and an object at rest stays at rest, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

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Law of Acceleration

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

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Law of Interaction

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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Newton's contribution to mathematics

Newton developed calculus, a powerful tool for understanding and solving problems related to change and motion.

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Newton's telescope:

The telescope Newton invented was the first to use mirrors instead of lenses to gather and focus light.

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Gravitational pull of moon

The moon's gravity causes tides on Earth, pulling water towards it.

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Newton's legacy

Newton's laws of motion and gravity revolutionized our understanding of the universe and continue to be fundamental in physics.

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Brahe's Paper Mill

Tycho Brahe built his own paper mill to avoid paper shortages and continue his astronomical observations.

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Mysterium Cosmographicum

Kepler's book proposing a universe made of nested regular polygons, challenging the prevailing geocentric model.

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Kepler's Role in Graz

Johannes Kepler became the "mathematician of the province" in Graz, Austria, after being recommended by the University of Tübingen.

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Brahe's Impact on Astronomy

Tycho Brahe's meticulous observations of planetary motion provided crucial data for Kepler, who used it to develop laws of planetary motion.

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Copernicus's Book

Copernicus's book, "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium," proposed a heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the solar system.

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Kepler's Defense of Copernicus

Johannes Kepler publicly defended Copernicus's heliocentric theory, even though it cost him a faculty position.

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Brahe's Armillary Sphere

Tycho Brahe improved existing designs for an armillary sphere, a tool used by astronomers to plot orbits.

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Kepler's Law of Equal Areas

This law states that a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time as it orbits the Sun, meaning it moves faster when closer to the Sun.

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Study Notes

Science, Technology, and Society Course Outline

  • Modern Period: Covers the period from roughly 1450 to 1750, marked by the spread of knowledge in European society, increased literacy, and improved transportation/education reforms. The Late Modern Period (1789-1945) saw advancements due to the Industrial Revolution and characterized by technical innovations, secular politics, and government separation from religion. The Post Modern Period (1950-present) is marked by skepticism, self-awareness, and a celebration of consciousness.

Scientific Revolution

  • Geocentric Theory: Earth at the center of the universe, proposed by Aristotle, and believed for nearly 2,000 years.

  • Heliocentric Theory: Copernicus proposed the Sun as the center of the solar system. Supported by Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and Galileo's observations via telescope.

  • Laws of Planetary Motion: Kepler's laws describe how planets orbit the sun.

    • Law of Ellipses: Planets orbit the sun in ellipses, with the sun at one focus.
    • Law of Equal Areas: Planets sweep out equal areas in equal times as they orbit.
    • Law of Harmonies: The ratio of the squares of the periods of two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun.
  • Law of Universal Gravitation: Newton explained that the force that keeps planets orbiting the sun is the same force that pulls objects to Earth (gravity.) This force is dependent on the mass of the objects and the distance between them.

Tycho Brahe

  • Contributions: Accurate astronomical observations of planetary movements, using instruments like his armillary sphere, the Great Globe, and others, which were essential for later scientists.

Johannes Kepler

  • Contributions: Improved upon Copernicus's heliocentric model by explaining the elliptical nature of planetary orbits using mathematical laws (laws of planetary motion.) His work was critical to understanding planetary motion.

Galileo Galilei

  • Contributions: Developed a practical telescope, made crucial astronomical observations, like the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter, which supported the heliocentric model.

Modern Period

  • The Early Modern Period (1450-1750): Increased literacy and knowledge spread.

  • The Late Modern Period (1789-1945): Characterized by the Industrial Revolution, followed by other technical innovations and government separation from religion

  • The Post Modern Period (1950-Present): Skepticism, self-awareness, and celebration of consciousness.

Scientific Revolution

  • Key Figures: Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton.
  • Timeline: 1500s-1600s
  • Impact: A major shift in scientific thought and philosophical outlook from medieval models.

First Industrial Revolution

  • Time Period: Late 1700s and early 1800s.
  • Location: Primarily in Great Britain.
  • Key Innovations: Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, Spinning Mule, Watt's Steam Engine, steam locomotives, steamboats, electric generators, electric motors, the incandescence lamp Telegraph, and telephone, automobiles, and combustion engine.
  • Impact: Increased efficiency, manufacturing capacity, urbanization, and societal changes.

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Description

This quiz explores the evolution of science and technology from the Modern Period to the Post Modern Period. It emphasizes key theories such as the Geocentric and Heliocentric models, along with Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion. Test your knowledge of how these concepts shape our understanding of society.

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