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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of science?
How does society influence science and technology?
What leads to technological innovations affecting social norms?
Which of the following best describes technology?
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What creates a complex web of influences in the context of science and technology?
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What significant development occurred around 6000 BCE in Mesopotamia and Egypt?
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Which tool was first invented by an ancestor of homo sapiens approximately 1 million years ago?
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What was a significant use of the mechanical clock that began to appear in Europe between 1250-1300?
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Which invention improved transportation and was developed from the steam engine in 1804?
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Who was responsible for the first successful airplane flight in 1903?
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Which invention first made use of a carbon-filament in 1879 and is attributed to Thomas Edison?
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What was the primary purpose of the first windmills built in Persia around 950?
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What major innovation did Johannes Gutenberg achieve in 1455?
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Who developed the CRISPR-Cas9 method for editing genes?
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Which model of the solar system was first suggested by Claudius Ptolemaeus?
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Which of the following categories did the Classical Period belong to?
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What significant contribution did Johannes Kepler make to astronomy?
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Which pair of researchers is known for producing Internet Protocol?
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How did Nicolaus Copernicus modify the understanding of the solar system?
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What was the significance of the transistor demonstrated in 1947?
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Which statement best describes the Baroque Period?
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Study Notes
Science
- Involves observing and experimenting with the natural world.
Technology
- Consists of tools and techniques created to solve problems and improve human abilities.
Society
- Shapes science and technology by influencing values, priorities, and ethical considerations.
Interconnection of Science, Technology, and Society
- Creates a complex network of influences.
- Leads to technological advancements that impact social norms and practices.
Science, Technology, and Society
- Science is the study of the natural world through observation and experimentation.
- Technology involves tools and techniques developed to solve problems and enhance human capabilities.
- Society influences science and technology by shaping values, priorities, and ethical considerations.
- Science, technology, and society form a complex web of influences, leading to technological innovations that affect social norms and practices.
Landmark Inventions and Discoveries
- First tools: 3.3 million years ago
- Fire: 1 million years ago, invented by an ancestor of homo sapiens
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Neolithic Revolution (15,000 - 20,000 years ago):
- Pottery and bricks made from clay.
- Woven fabrics for clothing.
- Invention of the wheel.
- Irrigation (6000 BCE): Developed in Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates river valley) and Egypt (Nile River).
- Gunpowder (850 CE): Invented by Chinese alchemists during their research into life-extending elixirs.
- Windmill (950): First windmills in Persia. European versions were vertical.
- Compass (1044): First definitive mention of a magnetic compass in a Chinese book.
- Mechanical Clock (1250 - 1300): Appeared in Europe, used in cathedrals to mark service times.
- Printing (1455): Johannes Gutenberg completed the printing of the Bible, the first book printed in the West using movable type.
- Steam Engine (1765): James Watt improved the Newcomen steam engine.
- Railways (1804): English engineer Richard Trevithick improved James Watt’s steam engine to power transportation.
- Steamboat (1807): Robert Fulton adapted the steam engine for water travel with the Clermont, which travelled in 4 days compared to sailing ships.
- Internal-combustion Engine (1876): Built by German engineer Nikolaus Otto, it burns fuel inside the engine.
- Electric Light (1879): American inventor Thomas Edison created a carbon-filament light bulb lasting 13 ½ hours.
- Automobile (1885): Developed by Karl Benz, it used a one-cylinder engine to power the first modern automobile.
- Radio (1901): Guglielmo Marconi, experimenting with radio since 1894, achieved major breakthroughs.
- Airplane (1903): On December 17th, Orville Wright piloted the first successful airplane flight. They made 4 flights that day.
- Rocketry (1926): First test flight of a liquid-fueled rocket.
- Television (1927): Early versions used a mechanical disk to scan images.
- Computer (1937): John Atanasoff designed the first electronic digital computer.
- Nuclear Power (1942): Part of the Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bomb.
- Transistor (1947): John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley publicly demonstrated this electrical component that controls, amplifies, and generates current.
- Personal Computer and Internet (1974): Computers shrank in size and became more powerful. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the Internet Protocol, defining how data can be broken down into packets.
- CRISPR (2012): Developed by Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, it’s a method for editing genes by altering DNA sequences.
- Artificial Intelligence (2017): AI development continues.
The Century of the Genius (18th Century)
- This period is also known as the "Age of Enlightenment" or "Age of Reason".
- It's categorized into two distinct eras:
- Baroque Period: Started in the 17th century and lasted into the early 18th century.
- Classical Period: Lasted into the early 19th century.
Models of the Solar System and Planetary System
- Planetary System: A star and all celestial bodies revolving around it.
-
Geocentric Model (Earth-centered):
- Prominent in ancient Greek astronomy (6th century BCE).
- Claudius Ptolemaeus, or Ptolemy, proposed the geocentric model.
- The model was based on Aristotle's belief that the Sun and planets revolve around a spherical Earth.
- The model envisioned a "wheels-on-wheels" system.
- It explained the apparent change in an object's position from different angles (parallax).
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Heliocentric Model (Sun-centered):
- Proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, who refined Ptolemy's model.
- He maintained that planets orbit in perfect circles, and built on Aristarchus's early sun-centered theory.
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Copernican Model:
- Explains the motion of Earth, the Moon, and planets.
- Defines the sizes and speeds of planetary orbits.
- Copernicanism generated significant debate and resistance.
Important Figures of the "Century of the Genius"
- Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543):*
- Published De Revolutionibus (Revolutions) in 1543, outlining the heliocentric model.
- Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 - November 15, 1630):*
- German astronomer who defined the laws of planetary motion.
- Rene Descartes (March 31, 1596 - February 11, 1650):*
- French philosopher and mathematician.
- Famous for his statement: "I think, therefore I am."
- Considered the father of modern science.
- Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623 - August 19, 1662):*
- French mathematician and physicist, a prodigy in mathematics.
- He was a contemporary and rival to Rene Descartes.
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Description
Explore the intricate relationships between science, technology, and society in this quiz. Understand how societal values influence scientific advancements and technological tools. Test your knowledge on the interconnectedness of these crucial fields.
