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Questions and Answers
What does the term Mesopotamia mean?
Which two rivers define the geographical location of Mesopotamia?
What was significant about the city of Uruk?
What structure served as the center for political and religious activities in Sumerian city-states?
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What agricultural technique did the Sumerians develop to manage water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers?
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What materials were primarily used in the construction of ziggurats?
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Which crop was predominantly cultivated by the Sumerians?
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What external threat did Sumerian city-states face that influenced their agricultural practices?
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What is the primary distinction between science and technology?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between society, science, and technology?
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What major technological advancement did early humans utilize during the Stone Age?
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Why were early humans considered nomads during the Stone Age?
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What was one of the critical developments for early humans in the Stone Age that aided in survival?
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How did the advancements in science and technology impact human conditions?
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What is a characteristic feature of nomadic tribes?
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What region is recognized as the foundation of human civilization according to historical accounts?
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Study Notes
Science, Technology, and Society
- Science is defined as a cumulative inquiry into nature through verifiable concepts and methods, aiming to understand and predict natural phenomena.
- Technology is the practical application of scientific knowledge to solve problems and improve daily life.
- Society demonstrates a cyclical interdependence with science and technology; both evolve with human needs.
- Advancements in science and technology enhance societal aspects such as health, education, communication, transportation, and agriculture.
Early Civilization
- The Stone Age began roughly 2.5 million years ago, marked by early humans' use of tools for hunting, food preparation, and shelter.
- Control of fire provided benefits like cooking, warmth, light, and protection, vital for survival.
- Early humans were nomadic, living in small tribes focused on resource-rich areas and moving when resources dwindled.
- Nomadic tribes often migrated with seasonal changes for food availability.
Sumerian Civilization
- Mesopotamia, meaning "land between the rivers," is identified with the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, now modern Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Syria, Turkey, and Iran.
- The Sumerians established the first civilization in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE, excelling in agriculture, language, governance, and architecture.
Cities and Ziggurats
- Key Sumerian city-states included Eridu, Uruk, Ur, Larsa, Isin, among others, with Uruk recognized as the world's first true city.
- Ziggurats, pyramid-like temples built around 2200 B.C., featured no inner chambers and stood approximately 170 feet tall, constructed from sun-baked and fired bricks.
- Each city-state had a ziggurat with a temple at the top for high priests, serving the patron gods.
Agriculture
- Sumerian city-states developed irrigation systems to manage floodwaters from the Tigris and Euphrates, vital for agriculture.
- Control over river water led to conflicts with neighboring city-states, necessitating military defenses.
- Farmers utilized levees and canals for irrigation, allowing for the cultivation of crops like wheat and barley and raising livestock such as sheep and cattle.
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Description
Explore the interconnectedness of science, technology, and early civilization in this quiz. Learn how advancements in science and technology have shaped societal progress and the evolution of human behavior from the Stone Age onwards. Test your knowledge on key concepts, applications, and historical milestones.
