Science Observations and Theories Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of observation is 'the water is 98°C'?

  • Inference
  • Quantitative Observation (correct)
  • Hypothesis
  • Qualitative Observation
  • What is a hypothesis?

  • A proven fact about nature
  • A single, unproven assumption attempting to explain results (correct)
  • An assumption that has been tested
  • A law based on repeated observations
  • What is the smallest possible unit of an element?

    Atom

    A theory has been proven with absolute certainty.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following physical properties with their definitions:

    <p>Hardness = The ability to resist abrasion or scratching Malleability = The ability to be rolled or shaped into thin sheets Ductility = The ability to be stretched or drawn into wires Viscosity = The resistance of a fluid to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Matter is anything that has mass and occupies ______.

    <p>space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an intensive physical property?

    <p>Density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the growth of plants when watered with a 10% detergent solution according to the hypothesis?

    <p>Their growth will be negatively affected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a quantitative observation?

    <p>Data that is numerical, such as mass or temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a qualitative observation?

    <p>Data that is non-numerical, such as color or texture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypothesis?

    <p>A single, unproven assumption attempting to explain experimental results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a theory from a law?

    <p>A theory is a tested explanation, while a law states what happens without explaining why.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is matter?

    <p>Anything that has mass and occupies space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Atom = Smallest unit of an element retaining its properties. Element = Cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical processes. Molecule/Compound = Cluster of two or more atoms held together by bonds. Pure Substance = Only one type of element/compound. Mixture = Two or more types of substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are intensive properties? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is negatively charged?

    <p>Anion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are homogeneous mixtures?

    <p>Mixtures uniform throughout, such as solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a solute in a solution?

    <p>The solute is the dissolved substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is distillation used for?

    <p>To separate liquids based on boiling points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temperature remains constant during phase changes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the boiling temperature?

    <p>Liquid changes to gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Observations in Science

    • Quantitative Observations involve numerical data, such as mass, temperature, and density (e.g., “The water is 98°C”).
    • Qualitative Observations are non-numerical and include attributes like color, taste, and texture (e.g., “The water is hot”).
    • Interpretation (Inference) refers to conclusions drawn based on observations.

    Hypothesis, Theory, and Law

    • Hypothesis: An educated guess that explains experimental results; must be tested (e.g., “Plants watered with a 10% detergent solution will experience negative growth”).
    • Theory: A well-supported explanation of phenomena developed from multiple hypotheses; cannot be definitively proven (e.g., Theory of Continental Drift, Big Bang Theory).
    • Law: A statement based on repeated observations; often mathematical and describes what happens without explaining why (e.g., Ohm’s Law, Law of Conservation of Mass).

    Properties of Matter

    • Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space; energy does not qualify as matter.
    • Pure Substance: Contains only one type of element or compound, less common in nature.
    • Mixture: Consists of two or more types of substances, commonly found.

    Key Definitions

    • Atom: The smallest unit of an element retaining its properties.
    • Element: A substance that cannot be broken down further by chemical means, consisting of one type of atom.
    • Molecule/Compound: A cluster of two or more atoms bonded together.

    Physical Properties of Matter

    • Extensive Properties: Depend on the amount of substance (e.g., mass, volume, length).
    • Intensive Properties: Independent of the amount of substance (e.g., color, density, melting point).

    Detailed Physical Property Definitions

    • Hardness: Resistance to abrasion or scratching.
    • Malleability: Ability to be shaped into thin sheets.
    • Ductility: Ability to be drawn into wires.
    • Lustre: Reflection of light by a solid, described as metallic, glassy, oily, etc.
    • Viscosity: Resistance of a fluid to flow; low viscosity indicates fast flow, while high viscosity indicates slow flow.
    • Diffusion: Intermingling of fluids due to motion; applies to gases and liquids.

    Examples of Physical Properties

    • Intensive: Colour, smell, melting point, density, solubility.
    • Extensive: Mass, temperature, volume.

    Concept of Solubility

    • Solubility: The ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance, crucial for understanding mixtures and solutions.

    Types of Observations

    • Quantitative observations involve numerical data, e.g., "The water is 98°C."
    • Qualitative observations consist of non-numerical data, e.g., "The water is hot."
    • Interpretation or inference is the conclusion drawn from observations.

    Hypothesis

    • A hypothesis is an unproven assumption aimed at explaining experimental results.
    • It is an educated guess based on prior observations or initial experiments.
    • Example: "If plants are watered with a 10% detergent solution, their growth will be negatively affected."

    Theory and Law

    • A theory is a tested explanation for why natural phenomena occur, developed from multiple hypotheses.
    • Theories cannot be definitively proven but are supported by substantial evidence (e.g., Theory of Continental Drift, Big Bang Theory).
    • A law describes what happens in nature based on repeated experiments, often in mathematical terms, allowing for predictions (e.g., Ohm’s Law, Law of Conservation of Mass).

    Physical Properties of Matter

    • Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space; if it’s not matter, it’s energy.
    • Substances can be classified as pure substances (one type of element/compound) or mixtures (two or more substances).
    • Key definitions: An atom is the smallest unit of an element, an element cannot be separated chemically, and a molecule/compound is a group of two or more atoms bonded together.
    • Physical properties are categorized into extensive (depends on the amount, e.g., mass) and intensive (independent of the amount, e.g., color).

    Definitions of Physical Properties

    • Hardness: Resistance to scratching.
    • Malleability: Ability to be shaped into thin sheets.
    • Ductility: Ability to stretch into wires.
    • Lustre: Light reflection from a solid.
    • Viscosity: Fluid's resistance to flow.
    • Diffusion: Intermingling of fluids due to motion.

    Intensive vs. Extensive Properties

    • Intensive properties include density, color, smell, and melting point.
    • Extensive properties include mass, temperature, and volume.

    Ions

    • Ions are charged elements, which can be positively (cations, e.g., Na+) or negatively charged (anions, e.g., Cl-).
    • Polyatomic ions consist of multiple atoms, e.g., OH-.

    Ion Charge Changes

    • Ion charge changes occur due to fluctuations in electron count while protons and neutrons remain constant.
    • Example: Aluminum loses 3 electrons resulting in a +3 charge, while oxygen gains 2 electrons resulting in a -2 charge.

    Mixtures

    • Homogeneous mixtures are uniform in composition, including solutions (e.g., air, salt water).
    • Heterogeneous mixtures present varied composition (e.g., granite, sea water).

    Solutions

    • Components of a solution: solute (dissolved substance) and solvent (substance doing the dissolving, present in greater amount).
    • Aqueous solutions utilize water as the solvent.
    • A precipitate is a solid formed during a chemical reaction.

    Separation Methods

    • Separation methods for mechanical mixtures are based on physical properties, e.g., gravity separation, chromatography.
    • Filtration is applicable when the solid is desired and liquid is not; distillation separates liquids by boiling points.

    Separation Techniques

    • Solvent extraction is effective for immiscible solvents.
    • A separatory funnel is used for heterogeneous mixtures.

    Phase Changes

    • Melting temperature (MP), freezing temperature (FP), boiling temperature (BP), and condensation temperature (CP) describe state changes.
    • Temperature remains constant during phase changes.

    Temperature Behavior of Pure Solids

    • Heating a solid results in decreased solid mass as the liquid phase increases.
    • Phase change completion is identifiable through continuous temperature during the transition.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on different types of observations in science, as well as the concepts of hypothesis, theory, and law. This quiz covers the essentials of matter and its properties. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these foundational scientific principles!

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