Unit 3 Matter Notes (Printable) PDF 2024-09-25 Notes

2024-09-25 UNIT 3 - MATTER CHEMISTRY 11 MR. NGUYEN OBSERVATIONS QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS; DATA: NUMERICAL...

2024-09-25 UNIT 3 - MATTER CHEMISTRY 11 MR. NGUYEN OBSERVATIONS QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS; DATA: NUMERICAL EX. MASS, TEMPERATURE, DENSITY, ETC. “THE WATER IS 98°C” QUALITATIVE OBSERVATIONS: NON-NUMERICAL EX. COLOUR, TASTE, TEXTURE, ETC. “THE WATER IS HOT” INTERPRETATION (INFERENCE): A CONCLUSION BASED ON OBSERVATION Observations? Inferences? 1  2024-09-25 OBSERVATIONS AWARENESS TEST QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION OBSERVATIONS PHARAOH'S SERPENT MAKING OBSERVATIONS HYPOTHESIS A SINGLE, UNPROVEN ASSUMPTION THAT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN THE RESULTS OF AN EXPERIMENT AN “EDUCATED” GUESS BASED ON INITIAL EXPERIMENTS OR OBSERVATIONS EX. IF PLANTS ARE WATERED WITH A 10% DETERGENT SOLUTION, THEIR GROWTH WILL BE NEGATIVELY AFFECTED. 2  2024-09-25 THEORY TESTED EXPLANATION OF WHY NATURE BEHAVES A CERTAIN WAY DEVELOPED FROM ONE OR MORE HYPOTHESES CANNOT BE “PROVEN” BUT CAN HAVE A LOT OF EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT IT EX. THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT, BIG BANG THEORY LAW BASED ON REPEATED EXPERIMENTS OR OBSERVATIONS USUALLY MATHEMATICAL IN NATURE STATES WHAT HAPPENS BUT DOES NOT ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN WHY ALLOWS YOU TO PREDICT OUTCOMES EX. OHM’S LAW (V = I X R), LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS HYPOTHESIS, THEORY, LAW In terms of closeness to the “truth” Hypothesis Theory Law 3  2024-09-25 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER MATTER: ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND OCCUPIES SPACE IF IT IS NOT MATTER IT IS ENERGY PURE SUBSTANCE (UNCOMMON) ONLY ONE TYPE OF ELEMENT / COMPOUND MIXTURE (COMMON) TWO OR MORE TYPES OF SUBSTANCES DEFINITIONS ATOM THE SMALLEST POSSIBLE UNIT OF AN ELEMENT WHICH RETAINS THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENT ELEMENT A SUBSTANCE WHICH CANNOT BE SEPARATED INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCE AS A RESULT OF ANY CHEMICAL PROCESS ONLY 1 TYPE OF ATOM PRESENT MOLECULE/COMPOUND A CLUSTER OF 2 OR MORE ATOMS HELD TOGETHER BY BONDS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Extensive Physical Property: Dependent on amount of substance: mass, volume length, duration, concentration, shape Intensive Physical Property: Does NOT depend on amount of substance : colour, smell, density, melting point/ BP, hardness, lustre, viscosity, malleability, ductility, solubility, etc… 4  2024-09-25 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DEFINITIONS: HARDNESS THE ABILITY TO RESIST ABRASION OR SCRATCHING MALLEABILITY THE ABILITY TO BE ROLLED OR SHAPED INTO THIN SHEETS DUCTILITY THE ABILITY TO BE STRETCHED OR DRAWN INTO WIRES LUSTRE THE MANNER IN WHICH A SOLID REFLECTS LIGHT TERMS INCLUDE: METALLIC, ADAMANTINE, GLASSY, OILY, PEARLY, SILKY OR DULL VISCOSITY THE RESISTANCE OF A FLUID TO FLOW (LOW = FAST, HIGH = SLOW) DIFFUSION THE INTERMINGLING OF FLUIDS AS A RESULT OF MOTION WITHIN THE FLUID (GASES AND LIQUIDS) Ductile Malleable Lustre Viscosity Hardness Diffusion Examples Intesive or Extensive? Density Colour Smell Melting point Mass Temperature Volume Solubility Solubility = how well something dissolves 5  2024-09-25 Examples Intesive or Extensive? Density I Colour I Smell I Melting point I Mass E Temperature I Volume E Solubility I Solubility = how well something dissolves STATES OF MATTER: PHASES Solid Liquid Gas Densest Less dense Least dense Low KE Some KE High KE Defined shape Shape of container Shape of container SPECIAL CASES PLASMA SUPERFLUID ETC. Identifying Chemical vs. Physical changes Chemical Change When a new substance is formed Bubbles Colour change Texture change Energy / light change Physical Change No new substance is formed Shape change Phase change (liquid/ solid/ gas) 6  2024-09-25 Atom (Li) Elements or Molecule (O2) CO2 Compounds Charged elements (Fe2+) or Ions Charges compounds (SO42-) WHAT IS AN ION? A positively or negatively charged element Anions (Cl-) and cations (Na+) Polyatomic ions are charged compounds (OH-) Table of ions and polyatomic ions Do I need to memorize this…? No. Unless you reeeeeally want to… 7  2024-09-25 ION: *THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS CHANGES * NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS STAYS THE SAME * TO BECOME MORE STABLE (A FULL OUTER SHELL). WHAT IS THE CHARGE OF THE ION? Atom Change in Ion charge electrons Al O Cu Br P WHAT IS THE CHARGE OF THE ION? Atom Change in Ion charge electrons Al Lost 3 +3 O Gained 2 -2 Cu Lost 1 +1 Br Gained 1 -1 P Gained 3 -3 8  2024-09-25 HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES HOMOGENEOUS: UNIFORM ALL THE WAY THROUGH PURE SUBSTANCES ARE ALL HOMOGENOUS: PURE GOLD, DISTILLED WATER, PURE SALT MIXTURES (2 OR MORE SUBSTANCES) IN SOLUTION ARE HOMOGENOUS: No pulp… SOLUTIONS Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances Type of Solution Example Gas in gas Air (oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) Gas in liquid Soft drink Liquid in liquid Water and alcohol Solid in liquid Salt water Solid in solid Alloys (ex. Steel = copper + iron) HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES HETEROGENEOUS: NOT UNIFORM ALL THE WAY THROUGH NO PURE SUBSTANCES ARE HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES NOT DISSOLVED IN A SOLVENT 1) MECHANICAL MIXTURES - EASILY OBSERVED SEPARATE PARTS: GRANITE, GRANOLA 2) SUSPENSIONS: SEA WATER, FOG, DUST IN THE AIR 9  2024-09-25 SOLUTE + SOLVENT = SOLUTION AQUEOUS – SOLVENT IS WATER  UNIVERSAL SOLVENT [SYMBOL IS (AQ)] SOLVENT – DOES THE DISSOLVING/IS IN GREATER QUANTITY SOLUTE – IS DISSOLVED/EXIST AS THE SMALLER QUANTITY PRECIPITATE – SOLID THAT FORMS AT THE BOTTOM OF A SOLUTION DURING A CHEMICAL REACTION CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES All Substances Homogeneous Heterogeneous Substances Substances Homogeneous Mechanical Pure Substance Suspension Mixture Mixture Element (1 type of atom Solution present) Compound (More then 1 type of atom present) THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES CHOOSE THE SEPARATION METHOD THAT IS THE EASIEST!!! 10  2024-09-25 Mechanical Mixtures Note: Mixture Method When to Use Method Tweezers, forceps, Solid in Hand Separation Large chunks present among other magnets, Solid solids sieves, etc. The density of the desired solids is may be used Gravity if you cannot granola Separation much different form the density of touch the the other solids. mixture with your hands. Solvent One solid preferentially dissolves in a Extraction particular solvent. Chromatography The solids are coloured, present in small amounts and are soluble in some solvent or mixture of solvents Sieve One example of Chromatography Mechanical Mixtures Solid in Hand Separation A few large pieces of solid Liquid are present in the liquid. (Heterogeneous) Cereal in Gravity Solid particles are present milk Separation in a small amount of liquid. *centrifuge* Filtration Solid particles are present in a large amount of liquid. 11  2024-09-25 Filtration Centrifuge HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES IN SOLUTIONS Mixture Method When to Use Method Solid in Liquid Evaporation The solid is wanted and the liquid is not. (Homogeneous)  Recrystallization is similar but retains Chicken stock some solvent. Used when there is a lot or of desired compound and little alcohol impurities. Distillation The liquid is wanted; the solid may or may (works in liquid in not be wanted. liquid as well if they have different BPs) (Paper) Small amounts of the more than one Chromatography coloured solid are present; the liquid  Incoming Lab! present is not wanted. 12  2024-09-25 Distillation Setup HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES IN SOLUTIONS Mixture Method When to Use Method Oil and water/ Solvent Extraction An immiscible added solvent lava lamp preferentially dissolves at least one but not all the solids present. Separatory Funnel 13  2024-09-25 How would you separate a mixture that contained water, paperclips (metallic), sand, and salt? You may not use your hands to touch the materials. RECALL PHASE CHANGES: MELTING TEMPERATURE (MP) THE TEMPERATURE WHERE SOLID CHANGES TO LIQUID FREEZING TEMPERATURE (FP) THE TEMPERATURE WHERE LIQUID CHANGES TO SOLID. AT THE MELTING/FREEZING TEMPERATURE, THE SOLID AND LIQUID PHASES CO- EXIST. BOILING TEMPERATURE (BP) THE TEMPERATURE WHERE LIQUID CHANGES TO GAS. CONDENSATION TEMPERATURE (CP) THE TEMPERATURE WHERE GAS CHANGES TO LIQUID. AT THE BOILING/CONDENSATION TEMPERATURE, THE LIQUID AND GAS PHASES CO-EXIST. NOTE: THE TEMPERATURE DOES NOT CHANGE DURING A PHASE CHANGE (SUCH AS MELTING AND BOILING). Freeze Condense Melt Evaporate Solid Liquid Gas 14  2024-09-25 Continued heating of a pure solid substance produces the following temperature behavior THERE IS A STEADY DECREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF SOLID AS THE AMOUNT OF LIQUID INCREASES. AT THE START OF THE PHASE CHANGE THE SUBSTANCE IS 100% SOLID, THEN MORE AND MORE LIQUID FORMS. EVENTUALLY, THE LAST BIT OF SOLID MELTS AND THE PHASE CHANGE IS COMPLETE AS SHOWN BY THE GRAPH BELOW: 15