Science Human Biology - Term 4 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is a sensory neuron?

Transmits nerve impulses away from the CNS
Cell body is at one end of the cell
Neuron is symmetrical if cut in half
Cell body is located on a branch/off to the side of the neuron (correct)

What is a motor neuron?

Cell body is located on a branch/off to the side of the neuron
Neuron is symmetrical if cut in half
Dendrites are very short, branch-like structures surrounding the cell body (correct)
Transmits nerve impulses to the CNS

What is the function of a relay neuron?

Passes on the nerve impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron.

Identify the parts of the central nervous system.

Brain and spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the parts of the peripheral nervous system.

Cranial and spinal nerves. Signup and view all the answers

The structures of a nerve cell include the ______.

cell body, dendrite, axon, terminal knobs, myelin sheath. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a cell body?

Controls cell activity and contains the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a dendrite?

Receives nerve impulses from other nerve cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an axon?

Sends nerve impulses away from the cell body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a terminal knob?

Passes the message onto the next neuron. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a myelin sheath?

Insulates the neurons and speeds up transmission of nerve impulses. Signup and view all the answers

What is a sensory neuron?

Transmits nerve impulses to the CNS. Signup and view all the answers

What is a motor neuron?

Transmits nerve impulses away from the CNS to the effector. Signup and view all the answers

What is a synapse?

A small gap between one neuron and the next. Signup and view all the answers

What do neurotransmitters do?

Carry nerve impulses across the synapse. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the main parts of the brain.

Refer to the diagram. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cerebrum?

Responsible for conscious thoughts, voluntary movement, language, intelligence, and sensory processing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Responsible for coordination and balance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Checks the internal environment of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the brain stem?

Controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the somatic division?

Collects information through sensory organs and coordinates movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the autonomic division?

Controls involuntary activities in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are mechanoreceptors sensitive to?

Stimuli such as touch and muscle stretching. Signup and view all the answers

What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?

Chemicals found in food. Signup and view all the answers

What do thermoreceptors respond to?

Changes in temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What are photoreceptors sensitive to?

Light. Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Neurons and Their Types

Sensory Neurons: Cell body on a branch, dendrites end with receptors.
Motor Neurons: Cell body at one end, short dendrites, long axon.
Relay Neurons: Neuron is symmetrical if cut in half.

Nervous System Parts

Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord; processes information and sends impulses to facilitate body responses.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes cranial and spinal nerves; carries impulses between receptors and the CNS, and CNS to effectors.

Structure of Nerve Cells

Main components: cell body, dendrites, axon, terminal knobs, myelin sheath.

Functions of Neuron Components

Cell Body: Contains nucleus (control center) and cytoplasm.
Dendrite: Receives impulses from other cells and directs them to the cell body.
Axon: Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
Terminal Knob: Transfers messages to the next neuron.
Myelin Sheath: Insulates neurons, facilitating faster impulse transmission.

Types of Neurons

Sensory Neuron: Transmits impulses toward the CNS.
Motor Neuron: Carries impulses away from the CNS to effectors.
Relay Neuron: Transfers impulses from sensory to motor neurons.

Synapses and Neurotransmitters

Synapse: Small gap between neurons.
Neurotransmitters: Chemicals that transfer nerve impulses across synapses.

Brain Functions

Cerebrum: Largest brain part (over 80%); responsible for conscious thought, voluntary movement, language, intelligence, memory, and sensory processing; divided into left and right hemispheres.
Cerebellum: Coordinates balance and movement; located at the skull base.
Hypothalamus: Monitors the body's internal environment.
Brain Stem/Medulla: Connects to the spinal cord; regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate.

Nervous System Divisions

Somatic Division: Gathers information via sensory organs; coordinates body movements.
Autonomic Division: Manages involuntary body functions (heart rate, digestion, sweating).

Receptor Functions

Mechanoreceptors: Detect touch and stretch; relevant in sensations like a full bladder.
Chemoreceptors: Sensitive to chemicals, such as in food.
Thermoreceptors: React to temperature changes.
Photoreceptors: Respond to light stimuli.