10 Questions
What is the term for the movement of particles from high to low concentration without energy?
Diffusion
What is the pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis and reflects green?
Chlorophyll
What is the ATP-producing process that occurs in the mitochondria during cellular respiration?
Electron transport chain
What is the structure of a chromosome that is visible during mitosis?
X-shaped structure
What is the process that generates a complementary RNA copy from a DNA template?
Transcription
What is the type of RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
tRNA
What is the equation that represents the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + Energy
What is the term for the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions?
Differentiation
What is the type of bond that holds the two strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen bond
What is the process by which DNA is replicated?
Replication
Study Notes
Experimentation
- Independent Variable: deliberately changed variable in an experiment
- Dependent Variable: variable observed and kept constant in an experiment
- Control Group: group where no independent variable is applied
- Experimental Group: group where the independent variable is changed
Data and Characteristics of Living Things
- Quantitative Data: data represented with numbers
- Qualitative Data: data described with words
- Characteristics of Living Things: includes cells, reproduction, genetic code, growth, response, balance, change
Cellular Processes
- Diffusion: movement of particles from high to low concentration without energy
- Facilitated Diffusion: diffusion through protein channels in the cell membrane
- Photosynthesis Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Chlorophyll: pigment absorbing light for photosynthesis, reflects green
- Pigments: light-absorbing molecules in photosynthesis
- Light Dependent Reaction: produces oxygen, NADPH, and ATP in photosynthesis
- Calvin Cycle: uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugar in photosynthesis
- ATP: energy-carrying molecule with adenine, ribose, and phosphate groups
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular Respiration Equation: 6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + Energy
- Steps of Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain
- Glycolysis: conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
- Krebs Cycle: breakdown of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide in mitochondria
- Electron Transport Chain: generates ATP using energy from electron carriers
- Fermentation Types: Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation
Cells and Genetics
- Chromosome Structure: X-shaped structure with sister chromatids
- Chromatin: DNA before supercoiling into a chromosome
- Centromere: central point of an X-shaped chromosome
- Cell Cycle: includes interphase and mitosis
- Mitosis Phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
- Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm and membrane in cell division
- Stem Cell Types: various types in the cell cycle
- Double Helix Parts: backbone with sugar and phosphate groups in DNA
- Chemical Bonds in DNA: covalent bonds for bases, sugars, and phosphates; Hydrogen bonds between strands
- Sugar Phosphate Backbone: structural framework of nucleic acids
- Complementary Base Pairs: Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine pairs in DNA
- Chargaff's Rule: 1:1 ratio of bases in DNA from different organisms
- Replication Enzymes: helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, ligase
- Transcription: copying DNA into mRNA in the nucleus
- Translation: protein synthesis using mRNA genetic information
- Types of RNA and Functions: mRNA (template), tRNA (brings amino acids), rRNA (structure)
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of experimentation, including variables, data types, and characteristics of living things. Test your understanding of independent and dependent variables, control groups, and more.
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