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Questions and Answers
What is the result of incomplete dominance in phenotype expression?
What is the result of incomplete dominance in phenotype expression?
Which condition is characterized by having an extra chromosome?
Which condition is characterized by having an extra chromosome?
What is the term for the number and appearance of chromosomes in an organism?
What is the term for the number and appearance of chromosomes in an organism?
What defines a carrier in genetic terms?
What defines a carrier in genetic terms?
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What condition results from nondisjunction during meiosis?
What condition results from nondisjunction during meiosis?
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Which of the following best defines a controlled experiment?
Which of the following best defines a controlled experiment?
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What does homeostasis refer to in biological systems?
What does homeostasis refer to in biological systems?
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What type of data distinguishes quantitative data from qualitative data?
What type of data distinguishes quantitative data from qualitative data?
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Which of the following correctly describes an organic compound?
Which of the following correctly describes an organic compound?
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In the context of biological experiments, what are independent and dependent variables?
In the context of biological experiments, what are independent and dependent variables?
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What is the arrangement of biological structures from simplest to most complex called?
What is the arrangement of biological structures from simplest to most complex called?
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How is a pseudoscience characterized?
How is a pseudoscience characterized?
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Which type of bond is formed when electron pairs are shared between atoms?
Which type of bond is formed when electron pairs are shared between atoms?
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What is the primary role of mitochondria in cells?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in cells?
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Which process is characterized by the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP?
Which process is characterized by the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP?
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What distinguishes a haploid cell from a diploid cell?
What distinguishes a haploid cell from a diploid cell?
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Which of the following is not a macromolecule with a specific function?
Which of the following is not a macromolecule with a specific function?
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Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?
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What is the main effect of a hypertonic solution on a cell?
What is the main effect of a hypertonic solution on a cell?
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What is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
What is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
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Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?
Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?
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Which of the following statements about nucleic acids is true?
Which of the following statements about nucleic acids is true?
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What process describes the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
What process describes the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
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What type of transport requires energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient?
What type of transport requires energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient?
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How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ?
How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ?
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Which type of solution has an equal concentration of solutes compared to the cell's interior?
Which type of solution has an equal concentration of solutes compared to the cell's interior?
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Which characteristic describes cyclins during the cell cycle?
Which characteristic describes cyclins during the cell cycle?
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Study Notes
Essential Biological Principles
- Biology is the study of living organisms and life processes.
- Adaptation is the process of organisms adjusting to new or changing environments.
- Levels of hierarchy range from cells to organisms (cells → tissues → organs → systems → organisms).
- Quantitative data is numeric, qualitative is descriptive.
- Hypotheses are testable predictions.
- Pseudoscience lacks scientific validity.
- Controlled experiments vary one variable at a time.
- Homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment.
- Stimuli evoke responses in organisms.
- Living things exhibit properties like metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
- Metric system is a standardized measurement system used in science.
- Independent variables are manipulated; dependent variables are measured.
- Serendipity involves accidental discoveries.
- Technology advances scientific knowledge.
- Review of safety symbols is crucial for laboratory safety.
- The control is the standard of comparison in an experiment.
Chemical Foundations
- Atoms are the basic units of matter.
- Ions are atoms with unequal numbers of protons and electrons.
- Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules vital for life.
- Covalent bonds form by sharing electron pairs.
- Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions.
- Balanced equations have equal numbers of atoms on each side.
- Solutes are substances dissolved in a solvent.
- Biomolecules are molecules found in living organisms.
- Carbohydrates, like glucose, provide cellular energy.
- Lipids are hydrophobic, forming cell membranes.
- Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transfer genetic information.
- Polar molecules have partial charges.
- pH measures acidity/alkalinity.
- Saturated and unsaturated fats differ in the presence or absence of double bonds.
- Protons are positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus.
- Products are substances formed in a chemical reaction.
- Bases decrease the hydrogen ion concentration.
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with varying numbers of neutrons.
- Hydrogen ions are involved in acid-base reactions.
Key Cellular Components
- Cells are the basic units of life.
- Plasma membranes are semi-permeable cell enclosures.
- Robert Hooke coined the term "cell".
- Vacuoles are storage organelles in cells.
- Mitochondria are the cell's powerhouses, producing ATP.
- Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
- Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms without a nucleus.
- Cell theory states all living things are composed of cells.
- Homeostasis maintains internal equilibrium within cells.
- Active transport moves molecules against concentration gradients using energy.
- Diffusion moves molecules from high to low concentration passively.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) synthesizes proteins and lipids.
- Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER has no ribosomes for lipid synthesis.
- The nucleus is the cell's control center, containing DNA.
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes.
- Microtubules provide structural support and aid in movement/cell division.
- Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance within the cell membrane.
- Selective permeability allows certain substances to pass through the plasma membrane.
- Hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions describe relative solute concentrations.
Energy Mechanisms
- Energy is the capacity to do work.
- ATP is the main energy carrier in cells.
- The Krebs cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA to generate energy.
- Autotrophs produce their own food.
- Photosynthesis converts sunlight to chemical energy.
- Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to produce ATP.
- Chlorophyll is a pigment in photosynthesis.
- Fermentation is an anaerobic energy-producing process without oxygen.
- CAM is a photosynthetic adaptation in arid conditions.
- Thylakoids are membrane structures in chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs.
- Electron transport chains transfer electrons to generate ATP.
- Heterotrophs consume other organisms for energy.
- Rubisco is an enzyme in carbon fixation.
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyruvate.
- Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration.
Reproduction Processes
- Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm during cell division.
- Ethical considerations govern research and applications.
- The cell cycle is the sequence of events in cell growth and division.
- Mitosis divides a single nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei.
- Binary fission is asexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells.
- Cancer cells undergo uncontrolled division.
- Plant and animal cells differ in cytokinesis.
- Stages of the cell cycle: G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (preparation for mitosis), and M (mitosis).
- Mitosis stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
- Interphase is the normal functioning phase of a cell.
- Carcinogens are cancer-causing substances.
- Stem cells can develop into different cell types.
- Centromeres hold sister chromatids together.
- Cyclins regulate the cell cycle.
- Spindle apparatus aids in chromosome movement.
Genetic Principles
- Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells.
- Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes.
- Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes.
- Alleles are different forms of a gene.
- Dominant traits express over recessive traits.
- Recessive traits are expressed only when two recessive alleles are present.
- Punnett squares predict genetic trait distribution.
- Crossing over exchanges genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Advanced Genetic Concepts
- Pedigree symbols track inheritance patterns in families.
- Galactosemia is an inherited disorder affecting galactose metabolism.
- Homozygous individuals have identical alleles.
- Heterozygous individuals have different alleles.
- Genotype is genetic makeup; phenotype is physical expression.
- Codominance is the full expression of both alleles.
- Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype.
- Karyotypes show chromosome numbers and appearances.
- Down syndrome is a genetic disorder with an extra chromosome 21.
- Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis.
- Sex-linked traits are associated with genes on sex chromosomes.
- Carriers have a recessive allele.
- Achondroplasia, Albinism, and Cystic Fibrosis are examples of genetic disorders.
- Trisomy is having an extra chromosome; monosomy is having one less.
- Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes.
- Epistasis is gene interaction where one gene masks another.
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts in biology, including the processes of adaptation, levels of organization, data types, and the significance of controlled experiments. Test your understanding of core principles like homeostasis, variables, and safety in the lab. Perfect for students eager to solidify their foundational knowledge in biology.
