Science Chapter 2: Microorganisms Found Everywhere
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Questions and Answers

What type of microorganisms are usually found in water?

  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa (correct)
  • Viruses
  • Which organisms require host cells to reproduce?

  • Viruses (correct)
  • Fungi
  • Bacteria
  • Protozoa
  • Which group of microorganisms can be found in habitats ranging from glaciers to deserts and hot water bodies?

  • Bacteria (correct)
  • Algae
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Which viruses are examples given in the text?

    <p>Influenza virus and polio virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganisms are known for carrying out photosynthesis?

    <p>Algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can microorganisms survive?

    <p>In all types of climates and environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a fungus?

    <p>Aspergillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about protozoa?

    <p>They can be unicellular or multicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic describes Fungi?

    <p>Heterotrophic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which useful bacterium is mentioned as being good for the human body?

    <p>Lactobacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is responsible for the conversion of milk into curd?

    <p>Lactobacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of yeast in the food industry?

    <p>It is used for the preparation of breads, pastries, and cakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acid is produced by yeast in the beverage industry?

    <p>Acetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Louis Pasteur discover the process of fermentation?

    <p>1857</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which organisms are antibiotics obtained?

    <p>Fungi and bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics was first prepared by Alexander Fleming?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the vaccine for smallpox?

    <p>Edward Jenner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do vaccines typically include to trigger the production of antibodies?

    <p>Dead or weakened microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganisms are known as biological nitrogen fixers?

    <p>Blue-green algae and Rhizobium bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a commonly used antibiotic?

    <p>Rhizobium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used as a preservative in jams and jellies?

    <p>Sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to preserve milk by boiling it for a short time and then chilling it?

    <p>Pasteurization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are dry fruits and vegetables commonly sold to prevent microbial attack?

    <p>In sealed tight packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common preservative used in pickles, meat, and fish?

    <p>Common salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a method mentioned for preserving food?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism causes Tuberculosis?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Cholera?

    <p>Water, food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preventive measure is recommended for Chicken pox?

    <p>Maintain personal hygiene and good sanitation habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Measles is caused by which type of microorganism?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are diseases that spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air, water, and food called?

    <p>Communicable diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism causes Citrus Canker?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism acts as a carrier spreading diseases?

    <p>Housefly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for the Rust of wheat plant disease?

    <p>Air and seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common substances used to check the growth of microorganisms called?

    <p>Preservatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microorganisms Found Everywhere

    • Microorganisms are organisms that can't be seen with the naked eye and require a microscope to be visible.

    Classification of Microorganisms

    • Microorganisms can be classified into four groups:
    • Bacteria: single-celled organisms, found in a wide range of habitats, and some are beneficial for the human body (e.g., Lactobacilli).
    • Fungi: multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, lack chlorophyll, and are found on decaying organic matter (e.g., Penicillium, Aspergillus).
    • Algae: unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic organisms, contain chlorophyll, and carry out photosynthesis (e.g., Chlorella, Spirogyra).
    • Protozoa: unicellular or multicellular, usually found in water, and can be beneficial or harmful (e.g., Amoeba, Paramoecium).

    Microorganisms and Us

    • Some microorganisms are beneficial, while others cause diseases.
    • Microorganisms can be used to preserve food through:
    • Heat and cold treatments: pasteurization, boiling, and refrigeration.
    • Storage and packing: using sealed packets to prevent microorganisms from entering.
    • Chemical methods: using preservatives like common salt, sugar, oil, and vinegar.

    Viruses

    • Viruses: ultramicroscopic organisms that reproduce only inside the cells of host organisms (e.g., Influenza virus, Polio virus).

    Where Do Microorganisms Live?

    • Microorganisms can survive in all types of climates, from ice-cold to hot, and are found in water, soil, and inside the bodies of animals and humans.

    Antibiotics

    • Antibiotics: substances that kill or stop the growth of disease-causing microorganisms (e.g., Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Erythromycin).
    • The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929.

    Vaccines

    • Vaccines: substances that trigger the production of antibodies in the body, protecting against diseases.
    • Vaccines include dead or weakened microbes, and the first vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner against smallpox in 1798.

    Soil Fertility

    • Biological nitrogen fixers: microorganisms like blue-green algae and Rhizobium bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen to soil, increasing soil fertility.

    Importance of Microorganisms

    • Food Industry: microorganisms like Lactobacillus and yeast are used to produce curd, bread, and pastries.
    • Beverage Industry: yeast is used to produce alcohol, wine, and vinegar through fermentation.
    • Medicine Production: microorganisms are used to produce antibiotics, which are used to kill or stop the growth of disease-causing microorganisms.

    Human Diseases Caused by Microorganisms

    • Tuberculosis: caused by bacteria, transmitted through air, and prevented by isolation and vaccination.
    • Measles: caused by viruses, transmitted through air, and prevented by vaccination.
    • Malaria: caused by protozoa, transmitted through mosquitoes, and prevented by vaccination and proper hygiene.
    • Cholera: caused by bacteria, transmitted through water and food, and prevented by vaccination and proper hygiene.
    • Typhoid: caused by bacteria, transmitted through water, and prevented by vaccination and proper hygiene.
    • Hepatitis A: caused by viruses, transmitted through air and water, and prevented by vaccination.

    Plant Diseases Caused by Microorganisms

    • Citrus Canker: caused by bacteria, transmitted through air.
    • Rust of wheat: caused by fungi, transmitted through air and seeds.
    • Yellow vein mosaic of bhindi (Okra): caused by viruses, transmitted through insects.

    Communicable Diseases

    • Communicable diseases: diseases caused by microorganisms that spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air, water, and food.
    • Carriers: organisms that transfer diseases from one place to another (e.g., houseflies, female Anopheles mosquitoes).

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    Learn about microorganisms, their classification, and habitats, including bacteria and their impact on our bodies.

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