Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes science as a way of knowing?
What characterizes science as a way of knowing?
Which of the following best describes significant figures?
Which of the following best describes significant figures?
Which of these statements is true regarding carbohydrates?
Which of these statements is true regarding carbohydrates?
In measurement terms, what does accuracy refer to?
In measurement terms, what does accuracy refer to?
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Which graph type is most suitable for showing trends over time?
Which graph type is most suitable for showing trends over time?
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What do lipids primarily function in?
What do lipids primarily function in?
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Which of the following best defines derived quantities?
Which of the following best defines derived quantities?
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What is the caloric value of proteins according to the Atwater System?
What is the caloric value of proteins according to the Atwater System?
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Who is known as the Father of Microscopy?
Who is known as the Father of Microscopy?
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What critical concept did Rudolf Virchow establish regarding cell generation?
What critical concept did Rudolf Virchow establish regarding cell generation?
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Which structure is not found in prokaryotic cells?
Which structure is not found in prokaryotic cells?
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Which organelle is responsible for generating energy in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for generating energy in eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?
Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?
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What does the term 'cellulae' refer to?
What does the term 'cellulae' refer to?
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What is the main role of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?
What is the main role of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following is a characteristic unique to plant cells?
Which of the following is a characteristic unique to plant cells?
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Which domain of life consists of multicellular organisms with a nucleus?
Which domain of life consists of multicellular organisms with a nucleus?
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What is a primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
What is a primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
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Study Notes
Science as a Way of Knowing, Doing, and Looking
- Science relies on evidence, explains phenomena and predicts, avoids bias.
- Scientific knowledge includes facts, concepts, theories, and laws.
- Science is organized into subjects like biology, chemistry, and physics.
- Science uses flexible and iterative methods (observation, experimentation, inference).
- Scientific knowledge is changeable, the universe is understandable, and science has limitations.
- Science examines individual and social dimensions of scientific work.
- Scientific skills include intellectual honesty, objectivity, open-mindedness, critical thinking, and curiosity.
Measurements
- The International System (SI) is used for measurements (meters, kilograms, seconds, etc.).
- Accuracy is closeness to the true value, precision is consistent repeated measurements.
- Significant figures indicate measurement reliability.
- Tools like rulers, balances, and thermometers ensure accuracy and precision.
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars): glucose, fructose, galactose.
- Disaccharides: formed from two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
- Polysaccharides (complex sugars): starch, glycogen, cellulose.
Proteins
- Made of amino acids. Diverse functions (enzymes, structural components, antibodies).
Lipids
- Includes fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids.
- Functions: energy storage, cell membranes, signaling.
Atwater System
- Estimates food caloric value:
- Carbohydrates and proteins: 4 kcal/g
- Lipids: 9 kcal/g
- Alcohol: 7 kcal/g
- Formula: Multiply nutrient gram quantity by respective kcal value.
Data Tables and Graphs
- Pie graphs: represent parts of a whole.
- Bar graphs: compare quantities across categories.
- Line graphs: show trends over time.
- Graphs need titles, axis labels, legends, and clear scales.
Fundamental vs Derived Quantities
- Fundamental quantities: basic units (length, mass, time; meters, kilograms, seconds).
- Derived quantities: calculated from fundamental quantities (e.g., area, volume, speed, force).
Cell Theory
Overview
- The Cell Theory is a key biological concept explaining cells as life's building blocks.
Key Contributors
- Robert Hooke (1665): coined "cell" after observing cork under a microscope.
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Father of Microscopy, observed living cells and "animalcules".
- Robert Brown (1831): discovered the nucleus while studying plant cells.
- Mathias Schleiden (1838): proposed cells are the basic unit of life in plants.
- Theodor Schwann (1839): extended Schleiden's idea to animals: Animal tissues are composed of cells.
- Rudolf Virchow (1839): established that all cells come from pre-existing cells ("Omnis cellula e cellula").
Six Tenets of Cell Theory
- Cells are the basic unit of life.
- All living things are made of cells.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Cells reproduce through division (e.g. mitosis).
- DNA is passed during cell division, explaining heredity.
- Cells of similar species share similar structure and function.
- Energy flow occurs within cells, including metabolism like photosynthesis.
Domains of Life
- Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
- Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes (single-celled, no nucleus).
- Eukarya includes eukaryotes, which are multicellular and have a nucleus.
Prokaryotes
- Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Important structures: pili, plasmid, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, capsule.
Eukaryotes
- Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Key organelles: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, centrioles.
Specialized Structures
Animal Cells
- Cytoskeleton: maintains cell shape, facilitates movement (cilia, flagella).
- Centrioles: organize microtubules for cell division.
Plant Cells
- Cell wall: provides structure and protection.
- Chloroplasts: contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
- Central vacuole: stores substances.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental principles of science, including its reliance on evidence, the nature of scientific knowledge, and the various subjects within the field. It also highlights key scientific skills such as critical thinking and intellectual honesty, as well as the importance of accurate measurements using the International System (SI).
