Science as a Way of Knowing and Doing

Science as a Way of Knowing

• Science demands evidence, explanation, and prediction, identifying and avoiding bias.
• It leads to a collection of knowledge including facts, concepts, theories, and laws.

Science as a Way of Doing

• Science is organized into content disciplines.
• Various methods are employed across these disciplines; there is no single method for all scientists.
• Approaches to generating knowledge may vary and may be repeated.
• Scientific knowledge generation includes observation, inference, experimentation, and chance discovery.

Science as a Way of Looking

• Scientific knowledge is continually subject to change and revision.
• The universe is understood through careful, systematic observation and study, including humans.
• There are limitations to science.

Scientific Skills and Attitudes

• Intellectual honesty is crucial, even when personal beliefs are challenged.
• Objectivity is required to avoid bias.
• Open-mindedness is essential to adapt to new information.
• Critical thinking facilitates reasonable judgment.
• Logical and systematic thinking is fundamental to discerning truth.
• Analysis involves gathering and examining information.
• Curiosity drives the acquisition of knowledge.
• Patience and perseverance are vital in seeking truth.

Measurements

• The International System (SI) uses standard units like meters (m), kilograms (kg), and seconds (s).

Biomolecules - Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Monosaccharides are the simplest form, consisting of a single sugar unit.
• Glucose is a vital energy source for cells.
• Fructose is sweeter and found in fruits, while galactose is part of lactose (milk).
• Disaccharides are two monosaccharides combined. Sucrose (table sugar) is comprised of glucose and fructose, while lactose is found in milk.
• Maltose is derived from two glucose units, found in malt and during starch digestion.
• Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides, linked by glycosidic bonds.
• Starch is a glucose storage form found in plants (like potatoes and rice).

Biomolecules - Proteins

• Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform various body functions including serving as enzymes, structural materials, antibodies, and hormones.

Biomolecules - Lipids

• Lipids (including fats, oils, and phospholipids) are hydrophobic molecules.
• Triglycerides consist of glycerol and three fatty acids, serving as energy storage in animals and plants.
• Saturated fatty acids lack double bonds (solid at room temperature) while unsaturated fatty acids possess these bonds (liquid at room temperature).
• Trans fatty acids are artificially produced by adding hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats.

Biomolecules - Additional Information

• Glycogen is a glucose storage form in animals, primarily in the liver and muscles.
• Cellulose is an indigestible structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.

Data Tables and Graphs

• Data tables organize data in rows and columns, facilitating easy comparison.
• Pie graphs demonstrate portions of a whole.
• Bar graphs display quantities across categories.
• Line graphs track data changes over time (or continuous variables).

Basic Concepts in Measurement

• The SI (International System of Units) is the standard for scientific measurement worldwide.
• Fundamental quantities include length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity.
• Derived quantities are obtained through mathematical operations from fundamental quantities (e.g., area, volume, speed, force, density, pressure).

This quiz explores the critical aspects of science as a methodology for understanding the world. It covers the importance of evidence, various disciplinary methods, and the continual evolution of scientific knowledge. Engage with concepts like bias, observation, and intellectual honesty in scientific inquiry.