Science and Technology Definitions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of science as defined in the content?

  • The application of knowledge in economic activities
  • Creating technological advancements
  • The understanding and prediction of natural and physical phenomena (correct)
  • The production of goods and services

Which of the following statements accurately describes technology according to the content?

  • It relates primarily to the acquisition of knowledge.
  • It is unrelated to economic activity.
  • It is focused solely on scientific research.
  • It applies scientific knowledge for production and improving services. (correct)

In which type of society is food production mainly carried out through human and animal labor?

  • Technological Society
  • Post-industrial Society
  • Pre-Industrial Society (correct)
  • Industrial Society

What is a significant consequence of the industrial revolution in industrial societies?

<p>The efficiency of production increased leading to greater surplus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research and development in science primarily serve what purpose?

<p>To acquire new knowledge and improve products and processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of a scientist in their field of study?

<p>They often collaborate with individuals from different expertise areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to W. Brian Arthur, technology is defined in several ways. Which one of the following is NOT mentioned?

<p>The creation of new materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of post-industrial societies?

<p>They primarily focus on information and services. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the funds allotted in 1969?

<p>To support private universities in science education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant educational institution was established in 1986 to promote science education in the Philippines?

<p>Philippine Science High School (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental change did the Copernican Revolution bring to astronomy?

<p>Confirmed the Sun as the center of the universe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory did the Darwinian Revolution fundamentally challenge?

<p>Theory of Creation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Aristotle's contribution regarding the shape of the Earth?

<p>He proved that the Earth is spherical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant educational reform emphasized in 1970?

<p>Upgrading the science curriculum and teaching equipment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who first proposed that the Sun was the center of the universe?

<p>Aristarchus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did the Age of Enlightenment promote?

<p>Reason and scientific proof over established beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach did ancient astronomers primarily use to explain the motion of celestial bodies?

<p>Mathematics combined with observations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome of the Copernican model of the universe?

<p>The Sun was recognized as the center of the solar system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of the printing press during the Renaissance period?

<p>It increased the production of books and spread knowledge rapidly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which invention contributed to the concept of heliocentrism presented by Nicolaus Copernicus?

<p>The printing press. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>The introduction of steam engines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common challenge faced by skilled workers during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Loss of jobs due to automation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Industrial Revolution fundamentally change production?

<p>It shifted production from hand labor to machine-operated devices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Minoans contribute to ancient civilization?

<p>Construction of monumental palaces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the Renaissance period according to historians?

<p>It was primarily a cultural and intellectual movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique was used by early humans to create fire?

<p>Employing friction or sparks from stones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the transfer of production methods during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>The rise of urban manufacturing and factory systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following technologies was NOT foundational to the first Industrial Revolution?

<p>Electricity generation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the demand for reproducible texts influence the Renaissance?

<p>It triggered advancements in printing technologies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Etruscan craftsmen around 1000 BCE?

<p>They created false teeth from gold. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?

<p>The first use of the steam engine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal change accompanied the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Urban migration in search of factory work. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best represents Martin Heidegger's view on technology?

<p>Technological objects serve human ends, but their essence is deeper than this. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the six relationships between science and technology highlighted by Brooks?

<p>The practice of research contributes to the development of human skills useful for technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does society influence the progression of science and technology?

<p>Society plays a crucial role in deciding how science and technology are utilized. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact has science and technology had on communication and transportation?

<p>It has allowed for more convenience and efficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the field of Science, Technology, and Society (STS) emphasize?

<p>The interactions and impacts between society and technological advancements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what role does accumulated scientific knowledge play?

<p>It prevents wasteful development expenditures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that new research instrumentation has influenced technology?

<p>It eventually finds applications in industrial practices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ancient tool-making advancement reflects the early relationship of science and technology?

<p>Using stones to create more efficient tools. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for individuals to understand the balance of benefits and dangers of science and technology?

<p>To prevent societal regression and maintain progress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of national progress is increasingly reliant on science and technology?

<p>Health care, industry, and national security. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of society's growing importance of science and technology over the last two decades?

<p>The emergence of the Science, Technology, and Society (STS) academic field. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technological advancement has its roots in research originally aimed at scientific exploration, as mentioned in the content?

<p>Laser technology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception does Heidegger argue against regarding technology?

<p>Technologies are merely tools created by humans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major use of steam-powered machines during the first Industrial Revolution?

<p>To run factories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did a steamship named Sirius make the crossing across the Atlantic in 19 days?

<p>1838 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant technological development occurred in the 20th century?

<p>Rise of electronic computing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major contribution did the Spaniards make to education in the Philippines during colonization?

<p>They introduced formal education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was established in the Philippines on December 8, 1933?

<p>National Research Council (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shift occurred at the end of the 19th century concerning machine operation in factories?

<p>Switch to electric operation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of scientific advancements in the Philippines during the American period?

<p>Medicine and agriculture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the creation of the microprocessor by Intel in 1971 lead to?

<p>Smaller and cheaper computers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic activity was prioritized by the Spaniards in the Philippines due to its profitability?

<p>Galleon trade (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the establishment of the Suez Canal impact European and Filipino interactions?

<p>Made international travel easier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bill was passed during Carlos P. Garcia's regime to promote science in the Philippines?

<p>The Science Act of 1958 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which engineering advancements were attributed to the Spaniards during their colonization of the Philippines?

<p>Construction of government buildings and roads (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Age of Enlightenment on the Philippines?

<p>Heightened scientific curiosity and ideals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Bureau of Science established in 1905 in the Philippines?

<p>Conduct research on tropical diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Science

The systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. It involves generating verifiable theories, laws, and principles to describe, understand, and predict phenomena.

Technology

The application of scientific knowledge and/or empirical know-how for the production, improvement, and distribution of goods and services, as well as the satisfaction of other material needs.

Society

A group of persons joined together for a common purpose or by a common interest. They come to learn and perform behavior expected of them.

Pre-Industrial Society

Societies where food production through human and animal labor is the primary economic activity.

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Industrial Societies

Societies characterized by efficient industrial production, leading to a surplus of manufactured goods in addition to agricultural products.

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Post-industrial Societies

Societies dominated by information, services, and high technology, rather than the production of goods.

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Research and Development

The process of acquiring new knowledge and using it to create new or improved products and processes.

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What is the main objective of science?

The core goal of science is to provide verifiable explanations for natural phenomena. This requires using empirical evidence and rigorous methodologies.

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Instrumental Definition of Technology

The idea that technology is solely a means to achieving a specific goal, like a tool.

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Anthropological Definition of Technology

The view that technology is a product of human activity and reflects human values.

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Essence of Technology

Heidegger's concept that technology is not simply about tools or human actions, but something deeper that shapes our understanding of the world.

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Science as a Source of Ideas for Technology

New scientific knowledge inspires new technological possibilities.

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Science as a Source of Tools and Techniques for Engineering

Scientific tools and methods are used in engineering design and evaluation.

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Science as a Source of Industrial Practices

Scientific research methods and instruments eventually find applications in industrial practices.

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Science as a Source of New Human Skills

Scientific research leads to specialized skills that benefit technology.

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Science as a Source of Knowledge for Assessing Technology's Impacts

Scientific knowledge helps assess the broader social and environmental impact of technology.

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Science as a Source of Avoiding Wasteful Development

Existing scientific knowledge helps avoid inefficient research and development.

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Society's Role in Science and Technology

Society provides the environment for scientific discoveries and inventions to happen.

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Society's Influence on the Use of Science and Technology

Society decides how science and technology is used and implemented.

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Importance of Science and Technology for Society

Science and technology are essential for societal progress and development.

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Science, Technology, and Society (STS)

The field of study exploring the relationship between science, technology, and society.

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Ancient Period in Science and Technology

The historical period marked by the accumulation and transmission of knowledge between generations.

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Stone Tools in the Ancient Period

Using stones as tools and refining them for better efficiency.

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Fire Making

The process of using heat generated by friction or sparks from stones to create fire.

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Renaissance

A time period in history characterized by significant advancements in technology, culture, art, and thought, particularly in Europe.

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Industrial Revolution

A period of remarkable technological advancements that transformed the way goods were produced and societies functioned, starting in Great Britain and spreading across the world.

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Printing Press

A revolutionary invention during the Renaissance that made it possible to mass-produce books, contributing to the spread of knowledge and information.

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Heliocentric Theory

The theory that the Sun is the center of the solar system, not the Earth.

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Wooden Press

A tool used to apply pressure to paper during printing.

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Late 19th & Early 20th Century Advancements

A period of significant scientific and technological advancements that occurred during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Stone Tool Technology

The use of materials for making tools, weapons, and other objects.

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Ironworking

The development of using metal, particularly iron, to craft tools and weapons.

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Pottery

The creation of pottery using clay and heat.

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Transfer of Labour

The process of transferring work traditionally done by humans to machines.

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Machine-Operated Devices

Machines that replaced manual labor, marking a key turning point in the Industrial Revolution.

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Steam Engine

A machine used to generate power, particularly from steam.

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Textiles Industry

The use of textiles, particularly cotton, as a major industry during the Industrial Revolution.

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Hiring Women and Children

The practice of hiring women and children for work in factories during the Industrial Revolution.

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The Age of Enlightenment

A period in 18th-century Europe where intellectuals questioned established beliefs and emphasized reason and scientific proof.

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Copernican Revolution

This revolution challenged the established belief that Earth was the center of the solar system. Proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, it proved that the Sun is the center of our solar system with Earth revolving around it.

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Ptolemaic Model

A theory that Earth is the center of the universe with the sun, moon, and stars revolving around it. This was challenged by the Copernican Revolution.

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Heliocentric Model

The theory that proposes the Sun is the center of the solar system with the Earth and other planets revolving around it.

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Darwinian Revolution

This revolution transformed our understanding of biology by introducing the theory of evolution by natural selection.

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Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

A theory that explains the origin and development of species by emphasizing the role of natural selection. It suggests that organisms with traits best suited for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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Aristotle

The most influential ancient Greek philosopher who believed that Earth was the center of the universe. This model was later challenged by the Copernican Revolution.

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Aristarchus

A Greek astronomer who, for the first time, proposed a Sun-centered universe model.

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Hipparchus

The greatest ancient Greek astronomer known for his accurate observations of celestial objects. He developed the Ptolemaic system which placed Earth at the center of the universe.

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Claudius Ptolemy

An ancient Greek astronomer who used Hipparchus's observations to develop the Ptolemaic system, which described Earth as the center of the universe with the Sun, planets and stars revolving around it.

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First Industrial Revolution

A period marked by significant advancements in machinery and technological innovations, driven by the use of steam power, which led to the development of complex machinery and tools.

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Machine tools

Devices specifically designed for shaping and manipulating materials, used to create precise parts for machinery.

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Railways

A type of transportation that uses steam locomotives to pull carriages on rails, revolutionizing long-distance travel in the 19th century.

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Steamships

Ships powered by steam engines, allowing for faster and more reliable sea travel.

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20th Century

A notable period of unprecedented technological advancements and scientific discoveries, transforming human life and society.

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Scientific Method

A method of investigation that involves observation, experimentation, and analysis to gain knowledge and understanding.

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Techno science

The process of utilizing scientific knowledge and principles in the development and implementation of technological solutions.

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Personal Computer

A type of computer that simplifies the use of technology, allowing individuals to access information and perform tasks easily.

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Microprocessor

A microchip that acts as the brain of a computer, enabling it to process information.

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Spanish Colonization

The period when Spain colonized the Philippines, influencing the development of science and technology in the country.

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American Period

A period of American rule in the Philippines, characterized by continued progress in science and technology.

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Bureau of Science

A comprehensive research center established in the Philippines during the American period, initially focused on tropical diseases and laboratory projects.

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The Science Act of 1958

A legislative act passed in the Philippines during the Garcia administration, aiming to establish a National Science Development Board to promote scientific advancement.

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Study Notes

Science and Technology: Definitions and Assumptions

  • Science and technology are human endeavors to satisfy knowledge thirst and material needs.
  • Science describes, understands, and predicts phenomena through verifiable theories, laws, and principles.
  • Research and development are key activities in science.
  • Technology applies scientific knowledge to make, improve, and distribute goods/services.
  • Technology is linked to economic activity and points to its potentials and problems.
  • Technology applies natural laws to practical issues.

Society

  • Society is a group with a shared purpose or interest.
  • Sociologists categorize societies as pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial.
  • Pre-industrial societies rely on human/animal labor for food production.
  • Industrial societies have more surplus, including manufactured goods.
  • Post-industrial societies focus on information, services, and high technology more than goods production.

Science and Technology Relationships

  • Science provides ideas for new technologies (e., uranium fission leading to the atomic bomb).
  • Science provides tools for engineering design and feasibility assessments.
  • Research tools and methods are used in design and industry.
  • Research fosters new human skills.
  • Science provides a knowledge base for assessing technology's social/environmental impacts.
  • Existing scientific knowledge helps avoid wasteful development.

History of Science and Technology

  • The development of science and technology has greatly improved human life.
  • Society shapes the utilization of science and technology.

Ancient Period (ca. 3,500 BCE - 500 CE)

  • Humans developed tools from stones, then bones, antlers, and wood.
  • Fire was learned to be harnessed.

Renaissance Period (1440-17th Century)

  • The printing press spread knowledge and culture rapidly.
  • Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric view of the solar system.

Industrial Revolution (18th Century)

  • Machines replaced human labor.
  • Key technologies were iron production, steam engines, and textiles.
  • James Watt improved the steam engine.
  • Machine tools improved efficiency and precision.
  • The shift from manual to machine-operated work transformed trades and professions.
  • Steamboats rapidly developed travel.

20th Century

  • 20th century is marked by notable technological advances and scientific discoveries.
  • Technology enhanced communication and transportation.
  • Military research spurred electronic computing and jet engines.
  • Relationships between science and technology became more intertwined.
  • Advances in computing technology led to smaller, accessible personal computers.

Spanish Colonial Era

  • Formal education and scientific institutions were established.
  • Emphasis on medicine and agriculture.
  • Negligence of industrial technology due to trade policies with Spain.

American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era

  • The Bureau of Government laboratories focused on tropical disease and laboratory research.
  • The US influenced the focus on agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine, and pharmacy.
  • The National Science Development Board was established.
  • The Marcos administration prioritized science and technology.

Overall

  • Human curiosity drives scientific knowledge; the more questions, the more knowledge.
  • Major shifts in scientific history include Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud's contributions.
  • The Age of Enlightenment questioned established traditions in favor of reason and scientific proof.
  • The Copernican Revolution shifted from a geocentric to heliocentric model.
  • Mathematics and observations supported the heliocentric model.

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Explore the definitions and assumptions surrounding science and technology. This quiz delves into how these fields intersect with society, focusing on their roles, development, and economic impact. Test your understanding of different societal structures in relation to technological advancement.

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