Science 10: Greeks on Matter and Motion
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Questions and Answers

What did the Pythagorean Paradigm assert about the orbits of celestial objects?

  • They move in elliptical orbits.
  • They revolve around multiple centers.
  • They move at varying speeds.
  • They move in perfectly circular orbits. (correct)

    • Which of the following statements best describes the nature of motion according to the Greeks?

  • Earth orbits around the Sun.
  • Movement is based on rectangular paths.
  • Motion is random and unpredictable.
  • The speed of celestial bodies is perfectly uniform. (correct)

    • What was a fundamental aspect of the Pythagorean Paradigm regarding Earth's position in the universe?

  • Earth is an insignificant body in a vast universe.
  • Earth is in a constantly changing position.
  • Earth is just one of many centers.
  • Earth is at the exact center of celestial motion. (correct)

    • According to the Pythagorean Paradigm, how did the Greeks perceive the consistency of celestial motion?

    <p>It is characterized by uniformity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of belief does the term 'paradigm' best represent in the context of Greek thought?

    <p>A social consensus on understanding the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is not part of a good theory in the Greek view?

    <p>Quantitative predictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motion involves the daily movement of stars across the sky?

    <p>Diurnal Motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the figure representing the annual path of the sun?

    <p>Analemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain is associated with eternal and perfect objects in Greek thought?

    <p>Supralunar/Celestial Domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of motion is characterized as uniform and circular according to Greek thought?

    <p>Celestial Motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Greek theories, the element associated with the supralunar domain is:

    <p>Aether/Quintessence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of motion is defined as violent or horizontal according to Greek classification?

    <p>Violent Motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient philosopher first articulated a paradigm that guided Greek thought?

    <p>Pythagoras</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Copernican astronomy establish about the Earth's position in the universe?

    <p>The Earth orbits the sun.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects Newtonian mechanics?

    <p>Everything in the universe is subject to natural laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of entropy according to the seven sentences?

    <p>Entropy determines the direction of processes in the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle highlights that laws are absolute while facts may vary?

    <p>Relativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept suggests that physical phenomena can be explained without supernatural causes?

    <p>Natural Philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to ancient Greek thought, what was the nature of the universe?

    <p>Rational with natural laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What philosophical view did Plato emphasize in his teachings?

    <p>Mathematical symmetries as inherent to reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts suggests that not everything can be predicted?

    <p>Quantum theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pythagoras originally theorize about celestial movements?

    <p>They move in perfectly circular orbits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the speed of celestial bodies according to the Greek paradigm?

    <p>It is perfectly uniform in circular orbits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the position of Earth according to the Greeks' understanding of celestial movements?

    <p>It is at the exact center of celestial motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon did the Greeks correctly identify related to celestial motion?

    <p>The precession of the equinoxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape did the Greeks propose for the Earth based on experimental evidence?

    <p>Spherical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the terms for the farthest and closest points of the Moon's orbit around Earth?

    <p>Apogee and Perigee.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the basis of the Greeks' belief in the uniform motion of celestial bodies?

    <p>Philosophical reasoning about perfect shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period is observed when the Moon appears larger to observers on Earth?

    <p>Perigee.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time difference between the 1st Quarter and the Last Quarter?

    <p>13 days 17 hours 28 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the time between the Last Quarter and the 1st Quarter compare to the time from the 1st Quarter to the Last Quarter?

    <p>The Last Quarter to 1st Quarter is longer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following claims about planetary motion was made by the Greeks?

    <p>The Earth is at the center of celestial motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hipparchus contribute to astronomy?

    <p>The precession of the equinoxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Greeks, how did they explain the observed motion of heavenly bodies?

    <p>With a combination of uniform circular motions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Eratosthenes known for estimating accurately?

    <p>The size of the Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of retrograde motion was highlighted in relation to Mars in 2005?

    <p>It involved superimposing images from multiple dates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the Greek model of celestial motion?

    <p>All celestial bodies move uniformly in circular orbits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Copernican Astronomy

    • Earth is not the universe's center, challenging geocentric views.
    • Shift from Earth-centered to heliocentric solar system laid foundational principles for modern astronomy.

    Newtonian Mechanics and Causality

    • Universe viewed as a mechanism governed by universal laws.
    • Introduced concepts of force, motion, and gravity.

    Energy and Entropy

    • Energy is crucial for the universe's dynamics; it drives motion and processes.
    • Entropy relates to probability and informs the direction of energy flows.

    Relativity and Quantum Theory

    • Einstein's relativity emphasizes that facts can be relative while laws remain absolute.
    • Quantum theory indicates limits to predictability and causality, stating uncertainty is inherent.

    Conservation Principles and Symmetry

    • Fundamental principles maintain consistency in physical laws across different contexts.

    Ancient Greek Contributions

    • Ancient Greeks began to ask critical questions about matter, motion, and the universe.
    • Their inquiry established a framework for understanding natural laws through mathematics.

    Pythagorean Paradigm

    • Developed by Pythagoras, this paradigm influenced views on celestial motion:
      • Celestial bodies, including planets, move in circular orbits.
      • Their speed remains constant throughout their orbits.
      • Earth is positioned centrally within these movements.

    Natural Philosophy

    • Aimed to understand physical phenomena through natural laws without invoking supernatural elements.
    • Emphasized the logical consistency of theories and outcomes.

    Types of Motion (Greek View)

    • Terrestrial motions:
      • Natural (vertical) and violent (horizontal).
    • Celestial motions defined as uniform circular movements.

    Observation of Celestial Movements

    • Diurnal motion refers to daily celestial rotations due to Earth's rotation.
    • Annual motion involves tracking the Sun's path, visualized through the analemma (a figure-eight pattern).

    Greek Achievements

    • Recognition of Earth as spherical, supported by scientific observations.
    • Eratosthenes estimated Earth's size accurately using shadow measurements.
    • Detailed study of lunar phases revealed differences between time intervals of quarters.
    • Observed retrograde motion days, especially noted in Mars.

    Key Figures

    • Plato argued for mathematical symmetries underscoring universal design and harmony.
    • Hipparchus contributed significantly to astronomy, particularly the precession of the equinoxes.

    Summary of Greek Theories

    • Greek theories valued logical soundness and internal consistency.
    • Outcomes were tested against observational data to ensure credibility and reliability in understanding the universe.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the contributions of Greek philosophers to our understanding of matter, motion, and the universe. Based on the curriculum of Science 10 at the University of the Philippines Baguio, it will delve into the fundamental concepts introduced by these ancient thinkers. Prepare to engage with key ideas that have shaped physical science.

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