SCIE1440: Intro to Immunology & Hematology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO) in blood cell development?

It stimulates the development of erythroid precursors. (correct)

It promotes the maturation of megakaryocytes.

It inhibits the differentiation of progenitor cells.

It regulates the survival of lymphocytes.

Which cell types are known to produce Interleukin 1 (IL-1) and Interleukin 2 (IL-2)?

T-lymphocytes and fibroblasts only.

Endothelial cells and erythroid precursors.

Only macrophages and fibroblasts.

Macrophages, activated T-lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. (correct)

What could be inferred if a patient has low levels of erythropoietin (EPO) in their blood?

The patient is likely experiencing secondary polycythemia.

The patient has an overactive immune response.

The patient may have anemia or kidney disease/dysfunction. (correct)

The patient is producing more red blood cells than normal.

Which of the following best describes the role of cytokines like IL-1 and IL-2 in blood cell development?

They regulate both proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells. Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic applications are associated with erythropoietin (EPO)?

EPO-stimulating drugs are prescribed for anemia and can enhance red blood cell production. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average blood volume in an adult?

4-6L Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight percentage of proteins in the plasma portion of blood?

7% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood cells is primarily responsible for fighting infection?

Granulocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is responsible for respiratory gas exchange?

Erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in humoral immunity?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of neutrophils?

Phagocytosis of pathogens Signup and view all the answers

How is blood composition generally divided?

55% plasma, 45% cells Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a pathological condition in blood cell formation?

Disordered formation rates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of the plasma in blood?

Fibrinogen Signup and view all the answers

What is an important function of platelets?

Hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the N:C ratio of a pronormoblast?

6:1 to 8:1 Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic helps differentiate a basophilic normoblast from a pronormoblast?

Coarsening of the chromatin pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate size of a basophilic normoblast?

12-17 microns Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for basophilic normoblasts to develop?

20 hours Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of bone marrow comprises pronormoblasts?

0-1.5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant color of the cytoplasm in a basophilic normoblast?

Blue due to RNA Signup and view all the answers

How many times more basophilic normoblasts are present in normal bone marrow compared to pronormoblasts?

Which of the following describes nucleoli in a basophilic normoblast?

Ill-defined or not visible Signup and view all the answers

What defines committed hematopoietic progenitor cells?

They develop into a single cell line. Signup and view all the answers

Where does intramedullary hematopoiesis occur?

In the bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sinusoids in the context of hematopoiesis?

They allow the transit of developing cells into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the internal structure of bone marrow is true?

RBCs cluster around iron-laden macrophages. Signup and view all the answers

What general trend is observed regarding cell size as hematopoietic cells mature?

WBCs, RBCs, and PLTs decrease in size. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of granulocytes in hematopoiesis?

They move closer to the sinusoids before entering the blood. Signup and view all the answers

Which hematopoietic cell type is released directly into the sinusoidal blood?

Platelets Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does NOT apply to committed hematopoietic progenitor cells?

They can revert to a pluripotent state. Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of blood cell development in hemopoietic cords?

There is significant vascularization within the cords. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about hematopoietic tissue is incorrect?

It primarily functions outside the sinusoids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage range of orthochromatic normoblasts in normal bone marrow?

5% to 10% Signup and view all the answers

Where can orthochromatic normoblasts be found in the human body?

Normal newborn infant blood Signup and view all the answers

What describes the appearance of the nucleus of an orthochromatic normoblast?

Pyknotic and eccentric Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical size range of orthochromatic normoblasts?

8 to 12 µm Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the nucleus of an orthochromatic normoblast during erythrocyte development?

It undergoes extrusion and disappears Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hematology Overview

Hematology: study of blood and blood-forming organs, focusing on blood cells and coagulation factors.
Blood composition: approximately 55% plasma and 45% blood cells (WBCs, RBCs, PLTs).

Blood Volume

Average adult blood volume: 4-6 liters.
Average male: 5-6 liters, female: 4-5 liters.

Plasma Composition

Plasma is mainly water (90-92%).
Contains proteins (7%): albumin, globulin, fibrinogen.
Organic constituents include urea, creatinine, glucose; inorganic constituents include sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride.
Also contains respiratory gases and internal secretions like enzymes, hormones, and antibodies (immunoglobulins).

Blood Cell Types

Major blood cells include erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and thrombocytes (PLTs).
Subtypes of leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes.

Blood Cell Functions

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils): involved in fighting infections and immune responses.
Lymphocytes: responsible for cellular and humoral immunity, including antibody production.
Monocytes: phagocytosis and cytokine secretion.
Erythrocytes: primarily involved in respiratory gas exchange (O2 and CO2).
Platelets: critical in hemostasis (blood clotting).

Hematopoiesis Regulation

Balance between cell formation and aging/destruction is vital for health.
Disturbances can lead to pathological conditions.
Interleukins (IL-1, IL-2) regulate blood cell development and function.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

EPO is a growth factor produced mainly by the kidneys, critical for RBC growth and differentiation.
Low EPO indicates anemia or kidney dysfunction; high EPO suggests secondary polycythemia.
EPO-enhancing drugs available for therapy (e.g., Epoetin, Procrit).

Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

Stem cells develop into distinct blood cell lineages.
Committed cells develop into specific cell types.

Hematopoietic Tissue

Hematopoiesis occurs within the bone marrow.
Cells travel through sinusoids in bone marrow to enter the bloodstream.

Cellular Characteristics in Maturation

Overall size decreases for WBCs, RBCs, and PLTs during maturation; megakaryocytes are an exception.
Pronormoblast: earliest recognizable RBC precursor; size 14-24 microns with a high nucleocytoplasmic ratio.

Normoblast Development

Basophilic normoblasts (daughter cells of pronormoblasts) appear in higher numbers than pronormoblasts; they resume RNA and hemoglobin accumulation upon maturation.
Orthochromic normoblasts can be identified by their distinctive characteristics like pyknotic nucleus and specific cytoplasmic content.

Reticulocyte Formation

The reticulocyte is formed after the nucleus from an orthochromatic normoblast is extruded, containing RNA and about two-thirds of total hemoglobin content.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in the study of immunology and hematology, particularly focusing on blood and its components. It explores the definition, volume, and significance of blood in the human body. Test your knowledge on blood cells, coagulation factors, and related topics.