SCIE1440: Intro to Immunology & Hematology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO) in blood cell development?

  • It stimulates the development of erythroid precursors. (correct)
  • It promotes the maturation of megakaryocytes.
  • It inhibits the differentiation of progenitor cells.
  • It regulates the survival of lymphocytes.

    • Which cell types are known to produce Interleukin 1 (IL-1) and Interleukin 2 (IL-2)?

  • T-lymphocytes and fibroblasts only.
  • Endothelial cells and erythroid precursors.
  • Only macrophages and fibroblasts.
  • Macrophages, activated T-lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. (correct)

    • What could be inferred if a patient has low levels of erythropoietin (EPO) in their blood?

  • The patient is likely experiencing secondary polycythemia.
  • The patient has an overactive immune response.
  • The patient may have anemia or kidney disease/dysfunction. (correct)
  • The patient is producing more red blood cells than normal.

    • Which of the following best describes the role of cytokines like IL-1 and IL-2 in blood cell development?

    <p>They regulate both proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic applications are associated with erythropoietin (EPO)?

    <p>EPO-stimulating drugs are prescribed for anemia and can enhance red blood cell production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average blood volume in an adult?

    <p>4-6L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight percentage of proteins in the plasma portion of blood?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood cells is primarily responsible for fighting infection?

    <p>Granulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is responsible for respiratory gas exchange?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in humoral immunity?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neutrophils?

    <p>Phagocytosis of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is blood composition generally divided?

    <p>55% plasma, 45% cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a pathological condition in blood cell formation?

    <p>Disordered formation rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key component of the plasma in blood?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important function of platelets?

    <p>Hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the N:C ratio of a pronormoblast?

    <p>6:1 to 8:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic helps differentiate a basophilic normoblast from a pronormoblast?

    <p>Coarsening of the chromatin pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate size of a basophilic normoblast?

    <p>12-17 microns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for basophilic normoblasts to develop?

    <p>20 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of bone marrow comprises pronormoblasts?

    <p>0-1.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant color of the cytoplasm in a basophilic normoblast?

    <p>Blue due to RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times more basophilic normoblasts are present in normal bone marrow compared to pronormoblasts?

    <p>4 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes nucleoli in a basophilic normoblast?

    <p>Ill-defined or not visible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines committed hematopoietic progenitor cells?

    <p>They develop into a single cell line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does intramedullary hematopoiesis occur?

    <p>In the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sinusoids in the context of hematopoiesis?

    <p>They allow the transit of developing cells into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the internal structure of bone marrow is true?

    <p>RBCs cluster around iron-laden macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general trend is observed regarding cell size as hematopoietic cells mature?

    <p>WBCs, RBCs, and PLTs decrease in size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of granulocytes in hematopoiesis?

    <p>They move closer to the sinusoids before entering the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hematopoietic cell type is released directly into the sinusoidal blood?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does NOT apply to committed hematopoietic progenitor cells?

    <p>They can revert to a pluripotent state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of blood cell development in hemopoietic cords?

    <p>There is significant vascularization within the cords.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hematopoietic tissue is incorrect?

    <p>It primarily functions outside the sinusoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage range of orthochromatic normoblasts in normal bone marrow?

    <p>5% to 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can orthochromatic normoblasts be found in the human body?

    <p>Normal newborn infant blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the appearance of the nucleus of an orthochromatic normoblast?

    <p>Pyknotic and eccentric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size range of orthochromatic normoblasts?

    <p>8 to 12 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the nucleus of an orthochromatic normoblast during erythrocyte development?

    <p>It undergoes extrusion and disappears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hematology Overview

    • Hematology: study of blood and blood-forming organs, focusing on blood cells and coagulation factors.
    • Blood composition: approximately 55% plasma and 45% blood cells (WBCs, RBCs, PLTs).

    Blood Volume

    • Average adult blood volume: 4-6 liters.
    • Average male: 5-6 liters, female: 4-5 liters.

    Plasma Composition

    • Plasma is mainly water (90-92%).
    • Contains proteins (7%): albumin, globulin, fibrinogen.
    • Organic constituents include urea, creatinine, glucose; inorganic constituents include sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride.
    • Also contains respiratory gases and internal secretions like enzymes, hormones, and antibodies (immunoglobulins).

    Blood Cell Types

    • Major blood cells include erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and thrombocytes (PLTs).
    • Subtypes of leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes.

    Blood Cell Functions

    • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils): involved in fighting infections and immune responses.
    • Lymphocytes: responsible for cellular and humoral immunity, including antibody production.
    • Monocytes: phagocytosis and cytokine secretion.
    • Erythrocytes: primarily involved in respiratory gas exchange (O2 and CO2).
    • Platelets: critical in hemostasis (blood clotting).

    Hematopoiesis Regulation

    • Balance between cell formation and aging/destruction is vital for health.
    • Disturbances can lead to pathological conditions.
    • Interleukins (IL-1, IL-2) regulate blood cell development and function.

    Erythropoietin (EPO)

    • EPO is a growth factor produced mainly by the kidneys, critical for RBC growth and differentiation.
    • Low EPO indicates anemia or kidney dysfunction; high EPO suggests secondary polycythemia.
    • EPO-enhancing drugs available for therapy (e.g., Epoetin, Procrit).

    Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

    • Stem cells develop into distinct blood cell lineages.
    • Committed cells develop into specific cell types.

    Hematopoietic Tissue

    • Hematopoiesis occurs within the bone marrow.
    • Cells travel through sinusoids in bone marrow to enter the bloodstream.

    Cellular Characteristics in Maturation

    • Overall size decreases for WBCs, RBCs, and PLTs during maturation; megakaryocytes are an exception.
    • Pronormoblast: earliest recognizable RBC precursor; size 14-24 microns with a high nucleocytoplasmic ratio.

    Normoblast Development

    • Basophilic normoblasts (daughter cells of pronormoblasts) appear in higher numbers than pronormoblasts; they resume RNA and hemoglobin accumulation upon maturation.
    • Orthochromic normoblasts can be identified by their distinctive characteristics like pyknotic nucleus and specific cytoplasmic content.

    Reticulocyte Formation

    • The reticulocyte is formed after the nucleus from an orthochromatic normoblast is extruded, containing RNA and about two-thirds of total hemoglobin content.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in the study of immunology and hematology, particularly focusing on blood and its components. It explores the definition, volume, and significance of blood in the human body. Test your knowledge on blood cells, coagulation factors, and related topics.

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