Schwartz's Theory of Basic Values

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Questions and Answers

Given Schwartz's theory, what is the most profound implication of understanding the dynamic relationships between values?

  • It allows for the circumvention of moral reasoning in complex ethical dilemmas.
  • It facilitates the strategic alignment of personal and professional goals.
  • It provides a structured methodology for resolving intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts rooted in value discrepancies. (correct)
  • It enables the prediction of societal shifts based on prevailing value systems.

In the context of Schwartz's values theory, how would one reconcile the apparent contradiction between simultaneously pursuing 'stimulation' (a facet of openness to change) and 'security' (a facet of conservation)?

  • By compartmentalizing these values, applying 'stimulation' in professional settings and 'security' in personal settings, thereby minimizing cognitive dissonance.
  • By engaging in 'integrative complexity', wherein one acknowledges the inherent tension and seeks actions that moderately satisfy both values without fully optimizing either. (correct)
  • By prioritizing 'stimulation' during youth and transitioning to 'security' in later life stages, adhering to a developmental trajectory of value preferences.
  • By recognizing that 'hedonism' bridges both dimensions, satisfying the need for excitement in a manner that doesn't fundamentally challenge stability.

Considering Kohlberg's stages of moral development, what form of moral reasoning would be most indicative of an individual operating from a 'post-conventional' orientation?

  • Adherence to legal statutes regardless of their societal impact, demonstrating a commitment to maintaining social order.
  • Evaluation of actions based on their potential for personal reward or punishment, reflecting a self-centered perspective.
  • Justification of actions by referencing universal ethical principles, such as justice and human rights, even if they contravene established laws. (correct)
  • Emphasis on interpersonal relationships and the desire to be perceived as 'good' by significant others.

According to the information, what is the primary distinction between morals and values in the context of individual and societal behavior?

<p>Morals are the externally imposed standards of conduct, while values are internally derived principles that guide behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might an individual's position on the 'openness to change versus conservation' dimension of Schwartz's theory manifest in their approach to technological advancements and societal norms?

<p>Individuals aligned with 'conservation' would regard technological advancements through the lens of potential threats to traditional values and established social structures, while those favoring 'openness to change' would embrace them as catalysts for progress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Schwartz's value theory, an individual's prioritization of both 'power' and 'benevolence' can lead to internal conflict. Which mechanism would best explain how such an individual might resolve this tension?

<p>Cognitive restructuring, altering the perception of power to align with benevolent intentions, such as viewing power as a tool for social betterment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering Piaget's stages of cognitive development, which specific cognitive milestone must a child achieve to fully comprehend hypothetical-deductive reasoning, as it relates to advanced moral reasoning in Kohlberg's framework?

<p>The development of formal operational thought, enabling abstract thinking and the manipulation of hypothetical scenarios. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a society characterized by a high degree of 'conservation' values, as defined by Schwartz, respond to an influx of immigrants with markedly different cultural traditions and value systems?

<p>By enacting stringent immigration quotas and cultural preservation laws to safeguard traditional customs and minimize perceived threats to societal stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the context of Schwartz's theory, how does the value of 'hedonism' interact with the opposing dimensions of 'openness to change versus conservation' and 'self-enhancement versus self-transcendence'?

<p>'Hedonism' functions as a mediator, sharing elements of both 'openness to change' and 'self-enhancement', yet capable of being expressed in ways that either challenge or reinforce conservation and self-transcendence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might an understanding of Kohlberg's stages of moral development inform the design of interventions aimed at reducing recidivism among individuals with antisocial personality disorder?

<p>By emphasizing the development of empathy and perspective-taking skills to facilitate the internalization of societal norms and ethical principles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conformity, as a value within Schwartz's framework, exhibits a complex relationship with societal stability and individual autonomy. What delineates the critical boundary beyond which conformity ceases to be a cohesive social force and instead becomes a mechanism of oppression?

<p>When conformity demands the suppression of critical thought and the uncritical acceptance of authority, it transcends its role as a social lubricant and transforms into a tool of authoritarianism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a society's emphasis on 'achievement' values, as theorized by Schwartz, potentially influence its scientific research priorities and its approach to addressing global challenges?

<p>By prioritizing research that directly contributes to national economic competitiveness and technological supremacy, even at the expense of international collaboration and equitable resource distribution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant limitation of applying Kohlberg's stages of moral development to cross-cultural ethical analyses?

<p>The inherent ethnocentrism of the framework, which privileges Western philosophical perspectives on justice and individual rights while potentially devaluing alternative moral systems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the relevance of morals and values in the professional sphere, how might a conflict between a professional's personal value of 'self-direction' and an organization's ethical code emphasizing 'conformity' be optimally managed to ensure both ethical conduct and psychological well-being?

<p>The professional should engage in open dialogue with organizational leadership to explore opportunities for greater autonomy and flexibility within the bounds of ethical conduct, seeking a mutually agreeable compromise. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual who consistently prioritizes 'universalism' over other values, as defined by Schwartz, is confronted with a scenario where advocating for environmental protection would necessitate economic sacrifices that disproportionately affect a marginalized community. What would be the most ethically defensible course of action for this individual, given their value orientation?

<p>Advocate for policies that mitigate the economic impact on the marginalized community, even if it means compromising on the stringency of environmental regulations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'dynamic relations among values' in Schwartz's theory explain the phenomenon of 'moral licensing,' where individuals who have previously acted morally feel entitled to subsequently engage in unethical behavior?

<p>Moral licensing arises from the inherent instability of value priorities, where the temporary dominance of self-transcendence values predisposes individuals to later prioritize self-enhancement values to restore balance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can an understanding of Piaget's stages of cognitive development inform the design of educational curricula to promote moral reasoning and ethical decision-making in children and adolescents?

<p>By tailoring educational activities to match the child's current stage of cognitive development, introducing abstract moral concepts and hypothetical dilemmas at the formal operational stage to cultivate critical thinking and ethical reasoning skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement offers the most thorough critique of the assumption that neurological underpinnings of moral reasoning definitively explain variations in moral behavior?

<p>Neurological research provides invaluable insights into the biological basis of moral reasoning, but it overlooks the influence of environmental factors and cultural norms on moral behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How could a society effectively mitigate the potential for 'self-enhancement' values, as described by Schwartz, to lead to unethical competitive practices in business and economics?

<p>Foster a cultural emphasis on collaboration and social responsibility in business and economics, incentivizing individuals to prioritize collective welfare over personal gain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the principles of values clarification be applied within therapeutic settings to assist individuals struggling with value-related conflicts and ethical dilemmas?

<p>By providing a structured framework for identifying, prioritizing, and aligning personal values with ethical principles to facilitate more congruent and fulfilling decision-making. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information on personality disorders involving moral issues, what neurological abnormalities have been associated with antisocial personality disorder, and how might these abnormalities contribute to characteristic behaviors?

<p>Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, contributing to impaired emotional regulation, empathy deficits, and difficulties with impulse control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what manner does the interplay between 'values' and 'morals' influence an individual's engagement with civil disobedience?

<p>The alignment between personal values and societal morals determines the ethical justification for engaging in civil disobedience, acting as a catalyst for action when values conflict with morals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the stages of moral development as articulated by Kohlberg, how would an individual at the 'conventional' level of morality likely respond to the 'Heinz dilemma,' where Heinz must decide whether to steal a drug he cannot afford to save his dying wife?

<p>By asserting that Heinz should not steal the drug because stealing is against the law, even if it means his wife will die, reflecting a conventional emphasis on maintaining social order. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering Schwartz's theory of basic values, how might a society's emphasis on 'tradition' influence its approach to education and the transmission of cultural knowledge to future generations?

<p>By prioritizing the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage, historical narratives, and established social norms through traditional pedagogical methods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might an organization seeking to promote ethical behavior among its employees strategically leverage the principles of values clarification to foster a culture of integrity and compliance?

<p>By encouraging employees to engage in a process of self-reflection and dialogue to identify and align their personal values with the organization's ethical mission and values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases where there is a significant disparity in societal priorities, what is the most defensible resolution strategy?

<p>Working with individuals in the community to find solutions that work for everyone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the ethical frameworks of individuals exhibiting antisocial personality disorder be developed?

<p>It can be useful to try techniques to promote empathy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you balance rapid technological change with ethical considerations?

<p>Discourse that challenges outdated norms and promote appropriate ethical ways forward can be useful. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would a society emphasizing innovation and critical thinking look like?

<p>Innovation and critical thinking will be prioritized in the school curriculum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a therapist guide a client to facilitate values clarification?

<p>Aligning personal values with ethical principles to facilitate decision making. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the stages of moral development outlined by Lawrence Kohlberg, how might an individual reasoning at the 'pre-conventional' level approach a complex business ethics dilemma involving potential environmental harm for financial gain?

<p>The individual would be concerned about financial compensation and nothing else. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cultural context impact universal ethical ideals?

<p>Cultural context can give more nuances to these ideas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual highly values both professional integrity and career advancement within a corporate structure that sometimes demands morally ambiguous compromises. How might this dual prioritization manifest, and what coping strategies might they employ to navigate such inherent conflicts?

<p>The individual is likely to take ethical and professional boundaries very seriously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As the director of an international non-profit organization dedicated to promoting human rights, you encounter a culture where certain traditional practices, while deeply ingrained, violate the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. How do you proceed?

<p>The director would engage in nuanced cultural dialogue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanisms can a government employ?

<p>A cultural emphasis on collaboration may arise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a society wants to promote peace and conformity, how will it act?

<p>Traditions and mores will be preserved. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an individual highly values both hedonism and self-transcendence, how can those be integrated in a meaningful and moral way?

<p>Hedonistic activities that benefit others may be useful. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a theory?

A supposition or system explaining something, based on general, independent principles.

What are values?

Beliefs linked to emotion, motivating action; act as standards guiding choices.

Values are beliefs linked to affect.

Beliefs inextricably linked to emotion that when activated, become infused with feeling.

Values motivate action

Desirable goals that motivate action.

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Values as standards

Standards or criteria that guide the selection or evaluation of actions and events.

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Values' order

Ordered by importance, forming priorities that characterize individuals.

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Multiple values

The trade-off among relevant, competing values guides attitudes and behaviors.

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Schwartz theory

Identifies 10 broad personal values differentiated by underlying motivations.

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Self-Direction

Independent thought and action, expressed in choosing, creating, and exploring.

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Stimulation

Excitement, novelty, and challenge in life.

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Hedonism

Pleasure or sensuous gratification for oneself.

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Achievement

Personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards.

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Power defined

Control or dominance over people and resources.

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Security defined

Safety, harmony, and stability of society, relationships, and of self.

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Conformity definition

Restraint of actions likely to upset or violate others and violate social expectations.

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Tradition defined

Respect, commitment, and acceptance of cultural and religious customs.

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Benevolence meaning

Preserving and enhancing the welfare of those in frequent personal contact.

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Universalism

Understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all people and nature.

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Value conflict

Actions pursuing one value have consequences that conflict with some values.

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Openness to change

Dimension characterized by self-direction, stimulation, and readiness for change.

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Conservation

Dimension emphasizing security, conformity, tradition, and resistance to change.

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Self-enhancement

Dimension emphasizing pursuit of one's own interests, success, and dominance.

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Self-transcendence

Dimension that emphasizes concern for the welfare and interests of others.

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Values defined

Values represent personal beliefs that drive behavior, forming the basis for identity.

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Morals defined

Societal norms dictating right and wrong, guiding behavior and maintaining order.

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Ethics defined

External rules or guidelines in workplaces dictating appropriate behavior.

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Moral development

Process by which people develop the distinction between right and wrong.

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Morals role

External compass guiding interactions within society.

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Study Notes

  • A theory is a system of ideas used to explain something, based on general principles
  • Values are important for addressing societal and environmental problems and resolving value conflicts across cultures

Six Main Features of Values:

  • Intricately linked to affect, becoming infused with feeling when activated
  • Refer to desirable goals that motivate action
  • Transcend specific actions and situations, unlike norms and attitudes
  • Serve as standards or criteria guiding choices and evaluations
  • Ordered by importance, forming a personal system of priorities
  • Multiple values guide action, balancing competing values relevant to the context

Ten Basic Personal Values:

  • The Schwartz theory identifies ten broad, differentiated personal values based on underlying goals
  • These values are likely universal due to their role in helping humans cope with existence

Value | Defining Goal

  • Self-Direction | Independent thought and action in choosing, creating, and exploring
  • Stimulation | Excitement, novelty, and challenge in life
  • Hedonism | Pleasure or sensuous gratification for oneself
  • Achievement | Personal success through demonstrating competence
  • Power | Control/dominance over people and resources
  • Security | Safety, harmony, and stability
  • Conformity | Restraint from actions that could upset or violate social norms
  • Tradition | Respect, commitment, and acceptance of cultural or religious customs
  • Benevolence | Preserving/enhancing the welfare of those close to oneself
  • Universalism | Understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for all

Dynamic Relations and Value Conflict:

  • Actions driven by one value can conflict or align with others, impacting psychology and society
  • People pursue competing values at different times in different contexts
  • There are two bipolar dimensions of conflict and congruity

Openness to Change vs. Conservation:

  • Openness to change emphasizes independence, action, feelings, and readiness for change via self-direction, stimulation, and hedonism
  • Conservation emphasizes order, self-restriction, and resistance to change via security, conformity, and tradition

Self-Enhancement vs. Self-Transcendence

  • Self-enhancement emphasizes pursuing one's interests and success via power, achievement, and hedonism
  • Self-transcendence emphasizes concern for the welfare of others via universalism and benevolence
  • Hedonism bridges openness to change and self-enhancement

Conclusion

  • People experience conflict between openness to change and conservation, also between self-transcendence and self-enhancement
  • Conflicts between specific values are near-universal
  • To live out you values define your personal values, identify when you were happiest, identify when you were most proud, identify when you were most fulfilled and satisfied, determine your top values (based on experiences), and prioritize your top values

Values Clarification

  • Values are ideas about what's important, guiding actions and decisions
    • Being with people
    • Being loved
    • Being married
    • Having a special parter
    • Having companionship
    • Loving Someone
    • Taking care of others
    • Having someone's
    • Help
    • Having a close family
    • Having good friends
    • Being liked
    • Being popular
    • Getting people's approval
    • Being appreciated
    • Being treated fairly
    • Being Admired
    • Being independent
    • Being Courageous
    • Having things in control
    • Having self-control
    • Being emotionally stable
    • Have self-acceptance
    • Having pride or dignity
    • Being well-organized
    • Being competent
    • Learning and knowing
    • A lot achieving highly
    • Being product busy
    • Having enjoyable word
    • Having an important position
    • Making Money
    • Striving for perfection
    • Making a contribution to the world
    • Fighting injustice
    • Living ethically
    • Being a good parrot or child
    • Being a spiritual person
    • Having relationship with God
    • Having peace and quiet
    • Making a home
    • Preserving your roots
    • Having financial security
    • Holding onto what you have
    • Being safe physically
    • Being free from pain
    • Not getting taken advantage of
    • Having it easy
    • Being comfortable
    • Avoiding boredom
    • Having fun
    • Enjoying sensual pleasures
    • Looking good
    • Being physically fit
    • Being healthy
    • Having prized possessions
    • Being a creative person
    • Having deep feelings
    • Growing as a person
    • Living fully
    • Smelling the flowers
    • Having a purpose
  • "Values Clarification" helps one acknowledges their influence and value and which value should be kept a priority

Goals Clarification

Value What do I want to happen? What am I going to do about it?
Having a close family Not argue over boozing / Enjoy time together / Kids spending money Stick to resolution, less bossy, less boozy, realistic commitments
Being competent Mind less if not fully competent Work skills development program / accept fallibility
Being emotionally stable Not lose temper / stay cool under provocation Practice skills of REBT in handling feelings, particularly the ones that sneak up on you

Values and Morals

  • Values are personal beliefs driving behavior, while morals are societal norms of right and wrong
  • Values are the foundation for identity and motivation, while morals help maintain social order
  • The interplay of morals and values is key to decision-making
  • Ethics: Rules from an external source for specific situations like workplaces
  • Morals: Societal Right and Wrong norms are absorbed through culture or family
  • Values: Personal beliefs that guides behavior
  • Ethics, morals, and values together influence decision-making in daily life
  • Individuals with certain personality disorders can habe deviations in morals leading to disregard for societal norms
  • Understanding morals and values helps navigate personal growth and social harmony
  • Individuals are encouraged to introspect, align, and actively participate in shaping communities

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