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Questions and Answers
What is the theoretical maximum yield of ATP from the oxidation of one molecule of glucose in eukaryotes?
What is the theoretical maximum yield of ATP from the oxidation of one molecule of glucose in eukaryotes?
- 38 ATP
- 29.85 ATP
- 36 ATP (correct)
- 40 ATP
In normal healthy adults, what is the estimated daily caloric requirement in kcal/kg?
In normal healthy adults, what is the estimated daily caloric requirement in kcal/kg?
- 20-22 kcal/kg/day
- 30-35 kcal/kg/day
- 22-25 kcal/kg/day (correct)
- 40-45 kcal/kg/day
Which macronutrient makes up the largest percentage of caloric intake for a normal healthy adult?
Which macronutrient makes up the largest percentage of caloric intake for a normal healthy adult?
- Fats
- Vitamins
- Carbohydrates (correct)
- Proteins
What is the effect of short-term fasting on metabolic processes?
What is the effect of short-term fasting on metabolic processes?
What happens to the estimated net production of ATP due to inefficiencies in oxidative phosphorylation?
What happens to the estimated net production of ATP due to inefficiencies in oxidative phosphorylation?
During severe stress states, what is the estimated caloric requirement in kcal/kg/day?
During severe stress states, what is the estimated caloric requirement in kcal/kg/day?
What role does the citric acid cycle play in cellular metabolism?
What role does the citric acid cycle play in cellular metabolism?
Which process occurs in the mitochondrion as part of cellular respiration?
Which process occurs in the mitochondrion as part of cellular respiration?
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Study Notes
Metabolic Pathways
- Theoretical maximum ATP yield from one glucose molecule through glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation is 38.
- Eukaryotic cells lose 2 ATP equivalents due to mitochondrial transport of NADH, resulting in a net yield of 36 ATP.
- Inefficiencies in oxidative phosphorylation further reduce the estimate to approximately 29.85 ATP per glucose molecule.
Surgical Metabolism and Fasting
- Normal calorie requirement for a healthy adult is between 22 to 25 kcal/kg/day.
- Caloric composition in a balanced diet: 50-55% carbohydrates, 10-15% proteins, and 30-40% fats.
- In states of severe stress, calorie requirements can increase to as much as 40 kcal/kg/day.
- Short-term fasting can lead to glucosuria, increased thermogenesis, and the conversion of glucose to fat (lipogenesis).
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