Schizophrenia: Symptoms and Risk Factors

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Approximately what percentage of the global population is affected by schizophrenia?

0.1%
5%
0.5%
1% (correct)

At what age does schizophrenia typically onset?

Early childhood
50’s and above
Mid-30’s to 40’s
Late teens to mid-20’s (correct)

What is the relative risk of developing schizophrenia in children of schizophrenics?

5x higher
2x higher
20x higher
10x higher (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Alogia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of antipsychotic medications?

Dopamine antagonists (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a lack of motivation in schizophrenia?

Avolition (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for disorganized speech in schizophrenia?

Loose associations (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?

Disordered thinking (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between the potency of 1st antipsychotics and their dopamine D2 antagonist effects?

Almost perfect (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which dopamine receptor subtype is excitatory?

D1 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the glutamate theory of schizophrenia?

An imbalance of glutamate neurotransmission (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs produce schizophrenialike symptoms and are also NMDA receptor antagonists?

PCP and ketamine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the serotonin theory of schizophrenia?

Alterations in 5-HT2 receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the first 1st generation antipsychotic developed?

Chlorpromazine (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of 1st generation antipsychotics?

Specificity for dopamine D2 receptors only (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of second-generation antipsychotics compared to first-generation antipsychotics?

Reduced risk of development of extrapyramidal side effects (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Butyrophenones?

Somewhat reduced risk of tardive dyskinesia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic that distinguishes Thioxanthenes from Butyrophenones?

Somewhat reduced risk of tardive dyskinesia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics?

Second-generation antipsychotics have a reduced risk of extrapyramidal side effects (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of clozapine's discovery in the early 1960s?

Redirection of research towards atypical antipsychotics (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Cyclothymic disorder and Bipolar II disorder?

Cyclothymic disorder does not meet the criteria for hypomanic or major depressive episodes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Lithium in treating bipolar disorder?

Membrane stabilization (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of a manic episode according to the DSM-V criteria?

At least 1 week (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of a manic episode according to the DSM-V criteria?

Decreased need for sleep (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Lithium in treating bipolar disorder?

To reduce relapse rates (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of a bipolar disorder that does not meet the criteria for any other bipolar disorder?

Unspecified bipolar and related disorder (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of individuals with Cyclothymic disorder that eventually develop Bipolar I or II disorder?

1/3 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about clozapine in treating schizophrenia?

It shows efficacy in treating both positive and negative symptoms (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potentially lethal side effect of MOAI treatment?

Serotonin syndrome (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of MAO inhibitors?

Inhibiting the breakdown of monoamines (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants?

Cardiotoxicity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) over tricyclic antidepressants?

They have a higher therapeutic index (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a side effect of clozapine treatment?

Agranulocytosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of tricyclic antidepressants?

Blocking the reuptake of serotonin and NE (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a food interaction with MAO inhibitors?

Tyramine-induced hypertensive crisis (B) Signup and view all the answers