Schizophrenia-Oxford shoter
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Questions and Answers

Schizophrenia is the easiest psychiatric syndrome to define and describe.

False

The concept of schizophrenia has remained consistent across different countries and cultures throughout history.

False

Schizophrenia is typically characterized by a single, distinct set of symptoms.

False

Delusions and hallucinations are considered negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia involve a gain of normal functioning.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

First-rank symptoms are a type of negative symptom of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia can be easily distinguished from other psychotic disorders based on a single symptom or trait.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classification of schizophrenia remains a settled issue in the field of psychiatry.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychiatry has reached a consensus on the definition and diagnosis of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia is a well-defined and clearly understood psychiatric disorder.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'four As' of schizophrenia are alogia, avolition, affective flattening, and aphasia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some patients with schizophrenia may experience tactile hallucinations

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive symptoms are a subtype of positive symptoms in schizophrenia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behavioural disorganization is a negative symptom in schizophrenia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Delusions are never present in patients with acute schizophrenia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary delusions are very common in patients with schizophrenia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most patients with acute schizophrenia completely recover from the illness

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Persecutory delusions are unique to schizophrenia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chronic syndrome of schizophrenia is characterized by positive symptoms

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

All patients with schizophrenia have blunted affect

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Formal thought disorder is a negative symptom in schizophrenia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vorbeireden is a type of auditory hallucination

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Incongruity of affect is a rare feature of schizophrenia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

First-rank symptoms include delusions of reference

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'four As' described by Bleuler are the same as the 'four As' described in the text

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neologisms are words or phrases used in an unusual way

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with schizophrenia always have impaired insight

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visual hallucinations are the most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poverty of thought is a type of cognitive symptom in schizophrenia

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clinical picture of schizophrenia is always the same in all patients

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with chronic schizophrenia often exhibit increased drive and initiative.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Affect in chronic schizophrenia is often intense and congruous.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hallucinations are a universal symptom in chronic schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social behavior in chronic schizophrenia often improves over time.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thought disorder is a rare feature of chronic schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Delusions in chronic schizophrenia are often accompanied by strong emotional responses.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic schizophrenia is characterized by a complete lack of social withdrawal.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with chronic schizophrenia often have good self-care and personal hygiene.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Speech in chronic schizophrenia is often normal and coherent.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic schizophrenia is characterized by an increase in cognitive functioning.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive impairment is rare in chronic schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dyskinesias are entirely due to antipsychotic medication.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hebephrenic schizophrenia is characterized by preserved personality.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Catatonic schizophrenia is now commonly seen in industrialized countries.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Simple schizophrenia is characterized by prominent positive symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The subtypes of schizophrenia are reliable, stable over time, and associated with clear differences in pathophysiology and prognosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Undifferentiated schizophrenia is a subtype of schizophrenia characterized by prominent negative symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Residual schizophrenia is a subtype of schizophrenia characterized by prominent positive symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The subtypes of schizophrenia have been retained in DSM-5.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Liddle's three subsyndromes are based on the clinical features of schizophrenia during the acute phase.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is typically seen in only one domain of learning and memory.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Executive function and attention are not core deficits in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are limited to theory of mind.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The risk of overt dementia is not increased in later stages of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive features of schizophrenia are not observed in attenuated form in unaffected first-degree relatives.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Depressive symptoms are rare in schizophrenia and only occur in the prodromal phase.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Comorbid depression in schizophrenia does not worsen the functional outcome.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The MATRICS Battery is a widely used method for cognitive assessments in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive deficits are not a major determinant of poor functional outcome in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive features are not being emphasized as potential targets for both drugs and psychological therapies in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Liddle's three clinical subsyndromes are comparable to the groupings of positive symptoms, disorganization, and negative symptoms.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type I schizophrenia has an insidious onset, mainly negative symptoms, and poor outcome and response to antipsychotic drugs.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The link between psychomotor poverty, impaired performance on frontal lobe tasks, and decreased frontal blood flow is a highly debated finding.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crow's Type I and Type II schizophrenia are widely accepted and supported by subsequent research.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regional cerebral blood flow is linked to distinct patterns of neuropsychological deficit in schizophrenia.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clinical subsyndromes described by Liddle are only applicable to patients with acute schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are always accompanied by impaired social functioning during remissions.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dopamine overactivity is a characteristic of Type II schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ventricular enlargement in Type II schizophrenia is a reversible process.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three clinical subsyndromes described by Liddle are mutually exclusive.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurological signs of schizophrenia are seen only in chronic patients.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia is used to assess neurological signs.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Depressive symptoms in schizophrenia can occur due to antipsychotic medication only.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurological signs in schizophrenia are correlated with cognitive improvement.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A neurological examination is not necessary for patients with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Depressive symptoms in schizophrenia are always accompanied by negative symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurological signs in schizophrenia are rare in first-episode patients.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of neurological signs in schizophrenia indicates a good prognosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia is used to assess neurological signs and depressive symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurological signs in schizophrenia are a result of antipsychotic medication only.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with schizophrenia have no deficits in olfactory function.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diminished sensitivity to pain in patients with schizophrenia is caused by medication.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The social and cultural background of the patient does not affect the content of symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Age does not affect the clinical features of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with intellectual disability always present with a complex clinical picture.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pain insensitivity is not a common feature of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are not affected by age.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identifiable symptoms of schizophrenia are present before the patient typically presents for help during the prodrome.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Olfactory dysfunction is not a symptom of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The longer the duration of untreated psychosis, the better the outcome.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thalamic lesions are a proven cause of pain insensitivity in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clinical features of schizophrenia are the same in all patients regardless of age or intellectual ability.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

More than 50% of people who are considered to be prodromal will progress to overt psychosis during a 2- to 3-year follow-up.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental State (CAARMS) is a criteria used to define and rate the severity of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychosocial approaches to treatment aim to increase social stimulation to prevent negative symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The prodrome of schizophrenia is characterized by a sudden and distinct onset of symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early intervention services aim to detect and treat emerging cases of schizophrenia, but this is unlikely to improve long-term outcome.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive and social functioning improve during the prodrome of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The focus on the prodrome of schizophrenia is a recent development in the field of psychiatry.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Untreated psychosis is not 'neurotoxic' and does not affect the responsiveness of the illness to treatment.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of ideas about schizophrenia mirrors the development of ideas about psychiatric illness in general.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the USA, psychiatrists employed Schneider’s first-rank symptoms to identify a narrowly delineated group of cases.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first-admission rates for schizophrenia were lower in the USA than in the UK.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of schizophrenia has remained consistent across different countries and cultures throughout history.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The historical development of ideas about schizophrenia is not relevant to understanding the current approach to diagnosis and classification.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classification of schizophrenia is specified in both DSM-5 and ICD-10.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagnosis of schizophrenia is based solely on mental mechanisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The UK and continental Europe have a narrower definition of schizophrenia than the USA.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The historical development of ideas about schizophrenia is not relevant to understanding the current problems in diagnosis and classification.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The current approach to diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia is universally accepted.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia was conducted by the US.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classification of schizophrenia in DSM-5 and ICD-10 is identical.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia-like symptoms of less than 1-month duration are classified as schizophreniform disorder in DSM-5.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

ICD-10 does not subclassify schizophrenia into the classical subtypes such as paranoid, hebephrenic, or catatonic.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

DSM-5 allows the classification of schizophrenia by the number of acute episodes that have occurred after at least 6 months.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Catatonia is a subtype of schizophrenia in DSM-5.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

ICD-10 requires a longer duration than DSM-5 for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizotypal disorder is classified as a personality disorder in ICD-10.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The current severity of schizophrenia can be rated on a 5-point scale in ICD-10.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in DSM-5 and ICD-10 are evidence-based.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

DSM-5 and ICD-10 have the same definition for schizophrenia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia-like disorders can be considered within four groupings in DSM-5

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizotypal disorder is categorized as a personality disorder in ICD-10

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brief psychotic disorder lasts for more than 1 month according to DSM-5

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

ICD-10 recognizes traditional subtypes of schizophrenia

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

DSM-5 requires a duration of illness of 1 month for schizophrenia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Delusional disorders are discussed in Chapter 11

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

ICD-10 does not subclassify schizophrenia into classical subtypes

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brief psychotic disorder is characterized by at least one of the acute-phase positive symptoms shown in Box 11.6 according to ICD-10

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

DSM-5 and ICD-10 have identical diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In DSM-5, schizophreniform disorder is a syndrome that lasts for less than 1 month.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute schizophrenia-like psychotic episode is a subtype of acute and transient psychotic disorder in ICD-10.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizoaffective disorder is characterized by a sudden onset of severe mental disorders in a setting of marked emotional turmoil.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder requires the presence of prominent mood symptoms throughout the entire episode of illness.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

ICD-10 subclassifies schizoaffective disorder according to whether the mood disturbance is depressive, manic, or mixed.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

DSM-5 specifies that the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder should only be made when both definite schizophrenic and definite affective symptoms are equally prominent and present simultaneously.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reliability and nosological status of schizoaffective disorder is well established.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outcome of schizoaffective disorder is generally thought to be worse than that for schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete recovery within 2-3 months is the rule for acute and transient psychotic disorder.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The category of acute and transient psychotic disorder is subdivided into several non-overlapping subtypes in ICD-10.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with longstanding schizophrenia-like symptoms but which do not fully meet the diagnostic criteria are classified as residual schizophrenia in ICD-10.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizotypal personality disorder is classified as a personality disorder in ICD-10.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

People with social withdrawal, lack of initiative, odd behavior, and blunting of emotion are diagnosed with simple schizophrenia.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Postschizophrenic depression is a type of depression that occurs only in patients with acute psychosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with depression and schizophrenia-like symptoms are classified as having latent schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

ICD-10 recognizes a specific type of depression that occurs in patients with schizophrenia.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

People who have behaved oddly or eccentrically from an early age are classified as having residual schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with schizophrenia who have prominent depressive symptoms are classified as having schizotypal disorder.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagnosis of residual schizophrenia is made in patients who have a history of schizophrenia but no longer meet the diagnostic criteria.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'latent schizophrenia' is a well-established diagnostic label in ICD-10.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lifetime prevalence of any substance abuse in patients with schizophrenia is 60%.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is rarely comorbid with schizophrenia, occurring in less than 10% of cases.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Delusional disorders are not considered to be part of the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia-like disorders are clearly distinct from schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classification of schizophrenia is based on aetiology or other empirically validated markers.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is never comorbid with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Panic disorder is not a common comorbidity of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The prevalence of comorbid depression in patients with schizophrenia is less than 20%.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol abuse is rare among patients with schizophrenia, occurring in less than 10% of cases.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distinction between schizophrenia and its variants is clear and universally accepted.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia-like disorders can occur, in clear consciousness, in a range of neurological and medical disorders.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visual, olfactory, and gustatory hallucinations are suggestive of a psychotic disorder due to another medical condition.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A careful medical history and physical examination are not necessary for patients with schizophrenia-like psychoses.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drug-induced states, particularly with psychostimulants or phencyclidine, can cause florid psychotic states.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A clear distinction between a drug-induced psychosis and schizophrenia is always possible.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distinction of schizophrenia from affective psychosis depends on the degree and persistence of the mood disorder.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Delusional disorders are characterized by chronic, systematized paranoid delusions, and many areas of the mental state are remarkable.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with borderline personality disorder rarely exhibit transient psychotic symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classification of schizophrenia in DSM-5 and ICD-10 is identical.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

ICD-10 subclassifies schizophrenia into classical subtypes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is about 7 per 1000.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia typically begins between 20 and 30 years of age.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gender difference in age of onset is large and robust.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia is more common in women than in men.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neuroprotective effects of oestrogen are a well-established explanation for the gender difference in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with schizophrenia have a normal fertility rate.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The course and outcome of schizophrenia are not discussed in the chapter.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The incidence of diagnosed early-onset schizophrenia has decreased over the past four decades.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lifetime morbid risk of schizophrenia is less than 5 per 1000.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Age at onset is the only environmental factor that affects the incidence of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The incidence of schizophrenia is similar across all populations.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The annual incidence of schizophrenia is approximately 1.00 per 1000 population using a broad definition.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A meta-analysis reported a mean incidence of 0.15 per 1000 population for schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia has a high incidence and low prevalence.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The incidence of schizophrenia in England is 15.2 per 100,000 persons.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia result in a higher incidence than broader definitions.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recent analyses have confirmed that the incidence of schizophrenia is similar across all populations.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A meta-analysis found no significant variation in the incidence of schizophrenia across different populations.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The WHO Ten-Country Study found significant variation in the incidence of schizophrenia across different populations.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The incidence of schizophrenia is higher in developing countries than in developed countries.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The current consensus is that the majority of the risk of schizophrenia is due to environmental factors.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mode of inheritance of schizophrenia is simple and straightforward.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetic predisposition to schizophrenia determines the illness with certainty.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Environmental factors do not play a significant role in the development of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurodevelopmental disturbance that leads to schizophrenia manifests itself only in adulthood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The aetiology of schizophrenia involves only biological and psychological factors.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is no evidence to support the role of genetic factors in the aetiology of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The current understanding of the aetiology of schizophrenia is based solely on outdated views.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classification of schizophrenia is solely based on aetiological factors.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The current understanding of the aetiology of schizophrenia is not influenced by environmental factors.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abnormalities of the glutamate system may be secondary to excessive dopamine neurotransmission in the basal ganglia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interpretation of robust facts about the aetiology of schizophrenia is often clear.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The risk of schizophrenia in siblings of probands is lower than in the general population.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The liability to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is transmitted independently.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The familial predisposition is to schizophrenia only, not a range of disorders.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concordance rates in monozygotic twins are lower than in dizygotic twins.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is no role for shared environmental factors in the familial aetiology of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lifetime risk of schizophrenia in various classes of relatives is not clear.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recent findings from genome-wide studies do not support the concept of a schizophrenia spectrum.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetic contribution to schizophrenia is minor.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first substantial twin study was conducted in Berlin by Luxenberger in the 1920s.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Concordance is several-fold higher in dizygotic (DZ) twins than in monozygotic (MZ) twins.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A meta-analysis of twin studies confirmed the substantial heritability of schizophrenia (50%);

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The estimates of heritability make no assumptions about the genetic architecture.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gene-environment interactions are not included in the estimates of heritability.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Twin studies can separate environmental factors into those that are shared and those that are unique to the individual.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The substantial heritability of schizophrenia suggests that inheritance contributes a small percentage of the risk for schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The estimates of heritability are not affected by the assumptions about the genetic architecture.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heritability figures provide a complete understanding of the causes of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Twin studies are not important in research on schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among discordant MZ twins, the risk of schizophrenia is increased equally in children of both the unaffected and affected co-twin.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Estimates for schizophrenia heritability from population studies are higher than those of twin studies.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unaffected identical co-twins do not exhibit any mild features of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adoption studies have shown that environmental factors are the primary cause of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rate of schizophrenia among the adopted-away children is lower than among children with a schizophrenic parent who remained with their biological family.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prenatal environment is not a significant factor in the development of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adoption studies can rule out an interaction between environmental causes in the adoptive family and genetic predisposition.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Finnish data show that adoptees at low genetic risk of schizophrenia are more sensitive to adverse upbringing.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The meta-analysis showed that most of the environmental contribution to schizophrenia comes from individual-specific influences.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rate of schizophrenia among the biological relatives of the adoptees with schizophrenia is lower than among the relatives of the controls.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia is a disorder caused by a single major gene.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The liability to schizophrenia is expressed when a single gene is expressed.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some genes are necessary or sufficient for schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Families with a single-gene dominant or recessive disorder for schizophrenia have been identified.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetic mechanisms of schizophrenia are fully understood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identifying schizophrenia genes has been a straightforward process.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genomics knowledge has not contributed to the progress in identifying schizophrenia genes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia is a disorder with a simple genetic architecture.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heritability of schizophrenia is low.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia is a disorder with a clear genetic pattern of inheritance.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The majority of genetic risk for schizophrenia comes from copy number variants (CNVs).

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The largest study to date identified 108 genomic loci associated with schizophrenia risk, containing over 100 known protein-coding genes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) confers a significant effect on schizophrenia risk.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

About 5% of patients and 2% of controls carry a copy number variant (CNV) strongly supported as a schizophrenia risk factor.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

All copy number variants (CNVs) associated with schizophrenia are inherited.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The variants of the gene SETD1A are predicted to cause a gain of function of the gene concerned.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The overall importance of rare variants in schizophrenia is already well established.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copy number variants (CNVs) can only be deletions of a length of DNA.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The odds ratio of deletion of 1.35 million nucleotides from chromosome 15q11.2 is approximately 2.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The schizophrenia-associated CNVs are not associated with a risk of one or more other neuropsychiatric phenotypes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crow's lateralization hypothesis proposes that schizophrenia is due to multiple genes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The discovery of multiple loci and genes associated with schizophrenia has led to a complete understanding of the biological implications and molecular mechanisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copy number variations (CNVs) likely exert their effects through gene dosage and by revealing the effects of a harmful recessive allele on the undeleted chromosome.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic discoveries have led to direct clinical roles of genetic testing for schizophrenia in clinical practice.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distinction between genetic and environmental factors is a clear-cut dichotomy.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prenatal and perinatal factors are not identified as environmental risk factors for schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classification of schizophrenia is based on aetiology or other empirically validated markers.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genes associated with schizophrenia converge on several functional networks and biochemical pathways, including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated signalling and synaptic plasticity.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mechanism by which single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) alter gene function to affect the risk of schizophrenia is straightforward to determine.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gene DISC1 is the only genetic variant that contributes to the development of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The entire genetic risk of schizophrenia can be explained by the genetic variants identified to date.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epigenetic factors do not play a role in the development of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gene-environment interactions do not contribute to the development of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The DISC1 gene is the primary cause of schizophrenia in all cases.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The majority of the genetic risk of schizophrenia can be explained by rare variants.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetics of schizophrenia are fully understood and well-established.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

CNVs are the primary genetic variant associated with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetics of schizophrenia are not influenced by environmental factors.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetic risk of schizophrenia can be fully explained by SNPs.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obstetric complications are directly causal of schizophrenia via fetal hypoxia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The odds ratio of schizophrenia associated with obstetric complications is around 1.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rhesus incompatibility is not associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infective and inflammatory factors have no relation to the development of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prenatal influenza exposure has no effect on fetal brain development.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The association between obstetric complications and schizophrenia is only relevant in individuals without a genetic predisposition to the condition.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1957 influenza A2 pandemic is not associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serological evidence of influenza infection during early pregnancy is not associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia in the offspring.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mechanisms underlying the association between obstetric complications and schizophrenia are well understood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The risk of schizophrenia is not increased in individuals who experienced obstetric complications compared to their unaffected siblings or normal controls.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between maternal infection and schizophrenia risk is only observed in women with a history of psychiatric disorder.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is no association between maternal malnutrition and increased risk of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The season of birth effect on schizophrenia is observed in both the northern and southern hemispheres, but not at higher latitudes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mechanism of maternal malnutrition on schizophrenia is proposed to be related to general malnutrition rather than lack of specific micronutrients.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The association between paternal age and schizophrenia is only observed in those with a family history of psychosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The paternal age effect on schizophrenia is observed for all subsequent children, not just the first-born child.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The influence of maternal infection on schizophrenia risk is only observed during the perinatal period.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between maternal inflammation and schizophrenia risk is considered as a direct cause of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The odds ratio of schizophrenia associated with maternal famine is approximately 1.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The association between schizophrenia and paternal age is not observed in the offspring of fathers below 50 years old.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Parnas et al. (1982) reported that 207 children of mothers with schizophrenia developed schizophrenia as adults.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children who developed schizophrenia could be distinguished by their better social skills at the age of 11 years.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Jones et al. (1994) found that children who developed schizophrenia showed advanced milestones and better social skills.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A graded relationship between delayed milestones and schizophrenia has been disputed in several subsequent cohorts.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parnas et al.'s (1982) study found that being socially isolated from peers was a protective factor for schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Done et al. (1994) found that children who developed schizophrenia had better reading skills than those who remained well.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Jones et al. (1994) found that children who developed schizophrenia had better education test scores than those who remained well.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parnas et al.'s (1982) study found that poor rapport at interview was a protective factor for schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Done et al. (1994) found that children who developed schizophrenia had better social skills than those who developed neurotic illness.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Jones et al. (1994) found that children who developed schizophrenia had more social play than those who remained well.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The behaviour of children is not associated with later schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cannabis use has no association with the risk of developing schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tobacco smoking is not a risk factor for the development of psychosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia is not overrepresented among people of lower social class.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The findings of childhood dysfunction in individuals who later develop schizophrenia are specific to schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Substance misuse is not a causative factor in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The association between cannabis use and psychosis is not influenced by genetic and other factors.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between tobacco smoking and psychosis is causal.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social and psychosocial factors are not important in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The findings of childhood dysfunction in individuals who later develop schizophrenia are not related to the subsequent development of the illness.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Studies have found that individuals with schizophrenia are overrepresented in disadvantaged outer-city areas.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The social drift theory suggests that people who are about to develop schizophrenia search for social isolation.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urban birth is associated with a decreased risk of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cause of the association between urban birth and schizophrenia is fully understood and attributed to social deprivation.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recent data suggest that genetic liability to schizophrenia plays no part in the social drift.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distribution of schizophrenia cases in disadvantaged inner-city areas is unique to Chicago.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unsatisfactory living conditions can prevent schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The association between urban birth and schizophrenia is limited to small towns and suburban areas.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Pedersen and Mortensen (2001) found no association between urban birth and schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The social drift theory is no longer supported by recent data.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The incidence of schizophrenia is lower in Afro-Caribbean immigrants in the UK than in the white population.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Misdiagnosis due to poor diagnostic practice is a likely explanation for the high rates of schizophrenia in Afro-Caribbean immigrants in the UK.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Life events and difficulties have no proven link to the development of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The increased rate of schizophrenia among migrants is solely due to social selection.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagnosis of schizophrenia is based solely on aetiological factors.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Environmental factors in the host country do not contribute to the increased rate of schizophrenia among migrants.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The relative risk of schizophrenia is higher in migrants from high-income countries than in those from lower- and middle-income countries.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The high incidence of schizophrenia among Afro-Caribbean immigrants in the UK is due to institutional racism.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rate of schizophrenia among migrants is similar to that of the general population.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between ethnic density and schizophrenia is clear and well-understood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The aberrant salience model of schizophrenia shares some features with the neuropsychological model of Gray et al.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lifetime risk of schizophrenia in various classes of relatives is clearly established

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Current psychological models of schizophrenia are more grounded in sociological aspects

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The theory of Frith argues that in schizophrenia there is a breakdown in the internal representation of mental events

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Palmer et al. (2009) proposed a neuropsychological model of schizophrenia that links neuropsychology to the dopamine hypothesis

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental State (CAARMS) is a criteria used to define and rate the severity of schizophrenia

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early theories of schizophrenia are still widely used today

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Menon (2011) proposed a model of aberrant connectivity and brain networks in schizophrenia

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gray et al. (1991) proposed a neuropsychological model of schizophrenia that argues that positive symptoms arise from a failure to monitor and identify one’s own willed intentions

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kretschmer suggested that both personality and schizophrenia were related to the asthenic type of body build.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many people with schizophrenia have a clear premorbid personality disorder.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of the schizophrenia spectrum is based on the idea that schizophrenia is a discrete category.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal personality features are uncommon among people who later develop schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The idea of a continuum between normal personality and schizophrenia is a relatively new concept in the field of psychology.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only a small proportion of people with schizoid personalities develop schizophrenia.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is a clear distinction between premorbid personality and the prodromal phase of emerging illness in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of personality and psychosis has been a major area of research in the field of psychology.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The null hypothesis that there are no structural differences in the brain in schizophrenia has been disproven over the past 40 years.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The failure of Alzheimer and others to identify a neuropathology led to the view of schizophrenia as an organic disorder rather than a functional one.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Structural brain changes in schizophrenia are clinically useful in the diagnosis of individual patients.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurobiology of onset and first-episode psychosis is reviewed in Remington et al. (2014).

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Johnstone et al. is a landmark study in structural brain imaging in schizophrenia.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The search for a neuropathology associated with schizophrenia began over two centuries ago.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alzheimer reported the case of presenile dementia with which his name is associated after studying the brains of patients with dementia praecox for a decade.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is no evidence to suggest that there are structural brain changes in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurobiology of relapse is reviewed in Kahn et al. (2015).

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The details and interpretation of structural brain changes in schizophrenia are well understood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lateral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia was first reported using computerized tomography.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Johnstone and colleagues found no significant differences in ventricular volumes between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A meta-analysis of brain volumes in over 18,000 subjects found that ventricular volumes are decreased by about 30% in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The results of longitudinal studies suggest that structural brain changes in schizophrenia occur primarily in adulthood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hippocampus and thalamus are affected equally in schizophrenia, with no significant differences in grey and white matter.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is a clear distinction between 'organic' and 'non-organic' subtypes of schizophrenia based on structural brain imaging.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The changes in brain structure in schizophrenia are diagnostically specific and can be used to distinguish it from bipolar disorder.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Post-mortem neuropathological studies have found evidence of neurodegenerative processes in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main positive findings in neuropathological studies of schizophrenia are increases in some markers of synapses and dendrites.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that the disorder originates in late adulthood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The meta-analysis by Hill et al. (2004) found no significant difference in perfusion of the frontal cortex compared to posterior regions in chronic, medicated patients with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of schizophrenia have shown no alterations in frontal activity during working memory tasks.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positron emission tomography (PET) is the only imaging technique used to assess patterns of brain activity in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Ingvar and Franzen (1974) found increased perfusion of the frontal cortex compared to posterior regions in chronic, medicated patients with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is not a commonly used task in fMRI studies of working memory in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Single-photon emission tomography (SPET) has not been used to assess patterns of brain activity in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The association between hypofrontality and schizophrenia is not influenced by the phase of illness and symptom profile.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has not been used to study altered frontal activity in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Minzenberg et al. (2009) found no complex changes in frontal activity in fMRI studies of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positron emission tomography (PET) is the most commonly used imaging technique in the study of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brain oscillations and network activity are not related to cognition in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The electroencephalogram (EEG) in schizophrenia generally shows decreased amounts of theta activity, fast activity, and paroxysmal activity.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

P300 and P50 deficits are not linked to the gene coding for a subunit of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with schizophrenia do not require more frontal cortex activation to achieve the same level of performance as controls.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cortical regions activated during auditory hallucinations have not been studied using fMRI.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The activity of different brain circuits or networks is normal in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amplitude of the P300 wave is increased in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electroencephalography has not shown a decreased synchronization or coherence of electrical activity in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of brain oscillations and network activity has not been a major area of research in the field of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Altered 'resting state' brain activity is not a topic of emerging interest in schizophrenia research.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dopamine-receptor agonists are used as antipsychotic drugs.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of PET and SPET techniques has not provided evidence to support the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute amphetamine administration improves psychotic symptoms in people with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dopamine D2 receptors are decreased in people with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The excess dopamine function in schizophrenia occurs primarily in the ventral striatum.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia emerged in the 1980s.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glutamate is considered to be the more secondary or 'state'-related abnormality in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The affinity of antipsychotic drugs at dopamine D2 receptors does not correlate with their clinical potency.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'NMDA receptor hypofunction' model postulates a developmental abnormality in the receptor.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dopamine neurotransmission is normal in people with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The key finding that triggered interest in glutamate's role in schizophrenia was that agonists of the NMDA type of glutamate receptor can induce a schizophrenia-like psychosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dopamine abnormalities in schizophrenia lead to the patient's ability to accurately attribute stimuli and their meaning.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamine use is not related to the development of schizophrenia-like symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dopamine and glutamate systems are not intricately linked in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The synthesis and release of striatal dopamine are decreased in people with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A small percentage of cases of schizophrenia may be attributable to anti-NMDA receptor antibodies.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is no longer supported by recent evidence.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The prefrontal cortex is not associated with deficient dopaminergic activation in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first direct evidence to support the presence of dopamine deficits in the cortex in schizophrenia came from Slifstein et al. (2015) using an old PET ligand.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cause of dopaminergic involvement in schizophrenia is clear and well-established.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary excitatory transmitter in the brain.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is an increase in the connections made by parvalbumin-containing interneurons in the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

NMDA receptors on GABA neurons are not affected in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia proposes that the disorder is a result of a proinflammatory state.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

5-HT2-receptor antagonism is not related to the atypical profile of some antipsychotics.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The finding of activation of microglia in the brain of patients with schizophrenia has been replicated multiple times.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is not a possible factor in the causation of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia can fully explain the variable course of the disorder.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

GABA levels are increased in the brain of patients with schizophrenia as measured by spectroscopy.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia is a relatively new concept in the field of psychiatry.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between GABA and glutamate alterations in schizophrenia is clear and well-understood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The significance of inflammation in schizophrenia is well established and widely accepted.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is not implicated in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia proposes that the disorder is a result of abnormalities in the dopamine, glutamate, and 5-HT systems.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The involvement of inflammation in schizophrenia is not related to risk genes and prenatal factors.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Bloomfield et al. (2016) showed activation of microglia in the brain of patients with schizophrenia during the prodrome.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia is a well-established and widely accepted theory of schizophrenia pathogenesis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia can fully explain the late-onset of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The current interest in the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia can be traced back to Clouston in 1892.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kraepelin initially believed that dementia praecox had a positive outcome

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Manfred Bleuler concluded that the outcome of schizophrenia was invariably gloomy

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Full recovery from schizophrenia usually occurs within the first 5 years

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ciompi's study found that two-thirds of schizophrenia patients had a poor social outcome

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ciompi's study reported the outcomes of all recruited subjects, not just those who were followed up

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The course and long-term outcome of schizophrenia is a widely agreed upon topic

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bleuler's study found that the outcome of schizophrenia was similar for all patients

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The symptoms of subsequent episodes of schizophrenia usually differ from the first one in clinical features

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kraepelin's study found that all patients with dementia praecox remained severely disturbed

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ciompi's study found that symptoms of schizophrenia worsened over time

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 10-year follow-up study found that 75% of patients had achieved full recovery from schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia is often quoted as 15% or more.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Men with schizophrenia die approximately 30 years prematurely.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

About 80% of the excess early mortality in schizophrenia is accounted for by unnatural causes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Moderate levels of antipsychotic use are associated with higher mortality in patients with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The incidence of some cancers and autoimmune disorders is higher than expected in individuals with schizophrenia and their relatives.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The risk of suicide in schizophrenia is greatest in those with a history of hospitalization.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A meta-analysis found that the 'recovery rate' of schizophrenia prior to 1955 was 60%.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Substance misuse is a chief contributor to the mortality gap in schizophrenia.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social outcomes in schizophrenia are often better than symptomatic ones.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outcome of schizophrenia is highly predictable.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poor premorbid functioning is a good prognostic factor in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 2-year outcome of schizophrenia is worse in developing countries than in western countries.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The course and outcome of schizophrenia do not differ between countries.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The predictive value of epidemiological data and patient characteristics is high.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia has a uniform outcome worldwide.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Age of onset is not a prognostic factor in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gender does not affect the outcome of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The duration of untreated psychosis does not affect the outcome of schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early negative symptoms and cognitive impairment are good prognostic factors in schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A high level of expressed emotion in families is associated with better outcomes for patients with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Improvements in the social environment of mental hospitals have been shown to have no impact on the clinical state of patients with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with schizophrenia tend to be highly interactive with their family members and show a lot of interest in their surroundings.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Relatives of patients with schizophrenia often feel anxious, depressed, and guilty, but do not experience anticipatory anxiety.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Thorn Course for psychiatric nurses does not include training in family interventions to reduce relapse rates in high EE families.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social stimulation has been shown to have no impact on the clinical features of patients with schizophrenia in institutions.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with schizophrenia who return to their families tend to do better than those who enter hostels.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antipsychotic medication has no impact on the relationship between expressed emotion and relapse rates in patients with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poverty of the social milieu is not associated with social withdrawal, blunting of affect, and poverty of speech in patients with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Family life and expressed emotion have no impact on the outcomes of patients with schizophrenia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of Schizophrenia

  • Schizophrenia is a well-defined psychiatric disorder with a consistent conceptualization across cultures and history.
  • Characterized by a single set of distinctive symptoms including delusions and hallucinations.
  • Negative symptoms involve a loss of normal functioning, while positive symptoms display an addition of abnormal experiences.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

  • First-Rank Symptoms: A type of negative symptom including delusions of reference and auditory hallucinations like "vorbeireden."
  • Negative Symptoms: Include alogia, avolition, affective flattening, and aphasia, collectively referred to as the "four As."
  • Cognitive Symptoms: Often seen as a subtype of positive symptoms, encompass poverty of thought and may lead to cognitive impairment in specific learning and memory domains.

Distinct Features

  • Delusions and hallucinations are common, yet delusions are typically absent in acute phases of schizophrenia.
  • Visual hallucinations predominately occur, but tactile hallucinations may also be experienced.
  • Formal thought disorder and behavioral disorganization are acknowledged as negative symptoms.

Chronic Schizophrenia Insights

  • Chronic schizophrenia features consistently include positive symptoms, intense and congruous affect, and improvements in social behavior.
  • Cognitive functioning may unexpectedly increase over time, contradicting typical expectations of cognitive impairment.
  • Neurological signs can indicate the severity and prognosis of schizophrenia, but are rare in first-episode patients and often linked to chronicity.

Schizophrenia Subtypes and Classifications

  • Subtypes such as hebephrenic, catatonic, and simple schizophrenia display varied characteristics and symptoms, with chronic forms often retaining personal hygiene and coherent speech.
  • Resilience in social interaction usually improves over time in chronic cases.
  • Classification of schizophrenia remains stable, with the DSM-5 retaining various subtypes.

Cognitive Deficits and Functioning

  • Cognitive deficits are not core features, often restricted to domain-specific issues and limit social cognition primarily to theory of mind.
  • The MATRICS Battery serves as a prominent tool for cognitive assessment within treatment frameworks.
  • Research indicates the link between cognitive impairment and functional outcomes is complex; cognitive features are not major determinants of overall functioning.

Early Intervention and Risk Factors

  • Prodromal symptoms typically manifest distinctly before formal presentation for treatment, with early intervention services focusing on detection and management of emerging cases.
  • More than 50% of individuals identified as prodromal may develop overt psychosis within a 2 to 3-year timespan.
  • Untreated psychosis does not exacerbate the prognosis of the condition.

Treatment and Management Strategies

  • Psychosocial interventions emphasize increasing social stimulation to preemptively mitigate negative symptoms.
  • Attention to cognitive and functional improvement, especially during prodromal stages, is gaining emphasis in contemporary psychiatric practice.

Miscellaneous Findings

  • Schizophrenia symptoms are unaffected by age or cultural background, reinforcing the need for universally applicable treatment frameworks.
  • Research continues to explore the relationship between neurobiological factors, symptom presentation, and treatment responses in schizophrenia.

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Description

Test your understanding of schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, and its challenges in definition and diagnosis. Explore the historical and current concepts of the disease, classification, and etiology. Assess your knowledge of this multifaceted mental health condition.

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