Diagnosis and classification

Schizophrenia in DSM-5 requires the presence of at least three specified symptoms for at least one month.

One of the required symptoms for diagnosing schizophrenia in DSM-5 can be disorganized speech.

Impaired functioning in social and occupational domains is required for the diagnosis of schizophrenia in DSM-5.

The 6-month period of disturbance in DSM-5 includes intermittent symptoms that meet Criterion A.

ICD-10 includes 'Hebephrenic' as a sub-type of schizophrenia.

In DSM-5, if there is a history of autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia is diagnosed only if there are delusions or hallucinations for at least 1 month.

DSM-5 includes 'Brief psychotic disorder' under schizophrenia-like disorders.

ICD-10 classifies schizotypal disorder as a separate condition from the spectrum of schizophrenic disorders.

DSM-5 does not divide schizophrenia into classical subtypes like ICD-10.

ICD-10 includes 'Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder' as a classification.

ICD-10 and DSM-5 both classify 'Schizoaffective disorder'.

DSM-5 includes conditions such as schizophrenia-like disorders secondary to substance use within the schizophrenia chapter.

ICD-10 includes 'Schizophreniform disorder' under its classification of schizophrenia-like disorders.

DSM-5 categorizes 'Postschizophrenic depression' as a type of schizophrenia.

DSM-5 and ICD-10 both classify 'Induced delusional disorder'.

A similarity between ICD-10 and DSM-5 is that both include 'Unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder'.

Schizophrenia was once believed to be a part of a single mental disorder entity called Einheitpsychose.

In the 1960s, US psychiatrists typically identified schizophrenia using Schneider's first-rank symptoms.

Emil Kraepelin described schizophrenia as occurring in clear consciousness and consisting of a series of states.

The discrepancies in schizophrenia diagnosis between the USA and UK led to the development of ICD-10 and DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia.

Kahlbaum described catatonia in the year 1852.

First-admission rates for schizophrenia were higher in the UK than in the USA during the 1960s.

Morel's classification of mental disorders was based on cause, symptoms, and outcome.

Hecker’s account of a condition called hebephrenia was written after Kahlbaum described catatonia.

Eugen Bleuler was mainly concerned with prognosis rather than the mechanisms of symptom formation.

The term 'schizophrenia' was used by Eugen Bleuler to denote a 'splitting' of psychic functions.

Bleuler viewed hallucinations and delusions as primary symptoms of schizophrenia.

Bleuler believed there was a possible neuropathological cause for schizophrenia.

Kleist used Bleuler's diagnostic framework in his study on associations between brain pathology and subtypes of psychotic illness.

Leonhard classified schizophrenia into progressive and systematic groups.

Schizophrasia is characterized by grossly disordered speech.

Langfeldt proposed a distinction between true schizophrenia and schizophreniform states, with the latter having a good prognosis.

Psychogenic psychosis is classified as a mood disorder in modern diagnostic schemes.

There is a debate on whether schizophrenia should be abolished and replaced with the term 'psychosis spectrum syndrome'.

Steroids and dopamine agonists are known to cause florid psychotic states.

Alcohol misuse is never considered in the presentation of schizophrenia-like psychoses.

Urine or hair testing has no role in the diagnosis of drug-induced psychosis.

A clear distinction between drug-induced psychosis and schizophrenia is always possible.

The degree and persistence of the mood disorder is irrelevant in distinguishing schizophrenia from affective psychosis.

A family history of mood disorder can sometimes help clarify the diagnosis of affective psychosis.

In delusional disorders, many areas of the mental state are unremarkable besides the chronic, systematized paranoid delusions.

Borderline personality disorder patients always exhibit permanent psychotic symptoms.

For a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to ICD-10, symptoms must be present for a period of 1 month or more.

DSM-5 recognizes traditional subtypes of schizophrenia.

ICD-10 places weight on Schneider’s first-rank symptoms for diagnosing schizophrenia.

ICD-10 requires a duration of illness of 6 months for diagnosing schizophrenia.

Schizotypal disorder is categorized as a personality disorder in ICD-10.

For a diagnosis of brief psychotic disorder in DSM-5, the syndrome must last for at least 1 month.

Persistent hallucinations in any modality, even without delusions or overvalued ideas, are sufficient for a diagnosis of schizophrenia in ICD-10.

According to ICD-10, negative symptoms such as marked apathy must not be due to depression or neuroleptic medication for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

DSM-5 uses the term schizophreniform disorder for syndromes lasting more than 1 month but less than 3 months.

ICD-10 recognizes delusional disorders as a form of schizophrenia-like disorders.

Schizoaffective disorder is classified under schizoaffective disorder in both DSM-5 and ICD-10.

According to DSM-5, schizoaffective disorder requires an uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a minor depressive or manic episode concurrent with symptoms that meet criterion A for schizophrenia.

Kasanin used the term schizoaffective disorder for the first time to describe a small group of young patients with severe mental disorders characterized by sudden onset and emotional turmoil.

ICD-10 classifies schizoaffective disorder according to whether the mood disturbance is obsessive, compulsive, or mixed.

The current definitions of schizoaffective disorder specify that the diagnosis should only be made when there are definite schizophrenic and affective symptoms equally prominent and present simultaneously, or within a few days of each other.

DSM-5 specifies schizoaffective disorder as bipolar type only.

Postschizophrenic depression is classified in ICD-10 when prominent depressive symptoms have been present for at least 2 weeks while some symptoms of schizophrenia still remain.

The outcome of schizoaffective disorder is generally thought to be worse than that for schizophrenia.

People who have shown full clinical symptoms of schizophrenia in the past but no longer meet all criteria are classified as having transient schizophrenia in ICD-10.

Schizotypal personality disorder according to DSM-5 is considered part of the schizophrenia spectrum.

Schizotypal disorder meets all criteria for schizophrenia.

Bipolar disorder is categorized under cases with affective and psychotic symptoms in differential diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Visual, olfactory, and gustatory hallucinations suggest an organic aetiology.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is categorized under schizophrenia-like disorders attributable to a specific cause.

Temporal lobe epilepsy can be a cause of organic schizophrenia-like disorders.

The distinction between schizophrenia and organic schizophrenia-like disorders is clear and well-defined.

In London, the study mentioned found that 3.7% of 'first-episode schizophrenia' cases had an organic cause other than substance misuse.

Delusional disorder is considered a variant of schizophrenia.

General paralysis of the insane is an example of a primary cause of schizophrenia.

Psychotic depression falls under the category of schizophrenia-like disorders attributable to a specific cause.