Schemas in Everyday Life and Memory
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Questions and Answers

What were the findings of Brewer & Treyens (1981) regarding schema consistent and inconsistent objects in recall?

  • Poorer recall of schema consistent objects
  • Higher false recall for schema consistent objects (correct)
  • Higher recall of inconsistent objects
  • Equal recall for both types of objects

    • How did the recall of the bank robbery scenario in Tuckey & Brewer (2003) illustrate schema effects?

  • Participants ignored the details of the robbery
  • Participants remembered information consistent with their robbery schema (correct)
  • Participants invented details irrelevant to the robbery
  • Participants showed no bias in their recall

    • What did Deffenbacher et al (2004) find regarding the accuracy of identifications in relation to anxiety and stress?

  • Higher anxiety leads to a higher percentage of correct identifications (correct)
  • Identification accuracy is unaffected by anxiety levels
  • Higher levels of anxiety lead to more correct identifications under stress
  • Low anxiety conditions resulted in lower identification accuracy

    • According to Loftus & Palmer (1974), what is a key issue concerning eyewitness testimony?

    <p>Eyewitness memories can be easily distorted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary conclusion of Marr et al (2020) regarding the effects of stress on encoding?

    <p>Disagreement exists about stress effects on encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of participants were influenced to create false memories in Loftus's study?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT correlate with the accuracy of eyewitness reports?

    <p>Time since event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can repeated testing have on eyewitness recall?

    <p>Can enhance accurate recall but also increase misleading effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to research, why are children particularly susceptible to suggestibility during eyewitness testimony?

    <p>Limited cognitive abilities and social compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the influence of wording in questioning according to Loftus & Zanni's study?

    <p>Wording can result in vastly different recall rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor influencing the encoding of memories according to the summary?

    <p>Confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach can help improve the accuracy of children's eyewitness recall?

    <p>Allowing children to produce drawings of events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory of false memories suggest about how memories function?

    <p>Misinformation could become more accessible than the original memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Schemas in Everyday Life

    • Schemas influence how we perceive and remember information, even in naturalistic settings.
    • Brewer & Treyens (1981): Participants recalled schema-consistent items (e.g., desk) better than inconsistent ones (e.g., skull). False recall and recognition were higher for schema-consistent items.
    • Bartlett (1932): Schema effect demonstrates memory distortions due to expectations. Participants recalling a bank robbery story tended to include schema-relevant details. Simulated crime ambiguity showed bias, such as assuming a masked robber’s gender.

    Schemas and Confirmation Bias

    • Schema effects persist through encoding and are affected by expectations.
    • Schemas influence recall and recognition, increasing the likelihood of remembering schema-related information.
    • Tuckey & Brewer (2003): Recall of a bank robbery video contained more schema-consistent bank robbery details.

    Effects of Anxiety and Attention During Encoding

    • Encoding Effects: Anxiety can affect memory accuracy, but the effects are debated.
    • Pickel (1999): No effect of threat on accuracy in an experiment.
    • Yuille & Cutshall (1986): Real-life study showed higher accuracy in low-anxiety groups.
    • Schwabe & Wolf (2010): Stress (ice water, social discomfort) negatively impacts learning.
    • Deffenbacher et al (2004): Real-life studies suggest low anxiety/stress leads to higher accuracy in eyewitness identification, detail and action recall.
    • Marr et al (2020): Inconsistency exists in the reported effects of stress on encoding.
    • Reduced Attention: Poor attention during encoding can lead to poorer memory.

    Information After the Event

    • Loftus & Palmer (1974): Eyewitness testimony is fragile.
    • Misinformation acceptance increases over time, unrelated to accuracy of reports.
    • Factors influencing misinformation acceptance include belief, vividness, speed of recall, intensity of experience, and emotional impact.
    • Loftus & Zanni (1975): Different phrasing of questions affects recall. For example, using "frequent" vs. "occasional" in questions for headaches yields different recalled frequency.

    False Memories

    • Loftus's research showed that false memories can be implanted in a significant percentage of individuals (e.g 25%). 
    • Created details surrounding the planted false memory increased memorization.

    Children as Eyewitnesses

    • Children are more suggestible than adults, impacting eyewitness recall.
    • Bruck & Ceci (1997): Children's reports are influenced by questioning styles.
    • Thompson et al (1977): Children's recall can be influenced by leading questions.
    • Even neutral questioning can result in errors related to increased social compliance and limited cognitive abilities.
    • Methods for improving child eyewitness accuracy: avoid biased questioning, reinstate context and allow drawings, use repeated testing.

    Summary

    • Schemas significantly impact memory encoding, retrieval, and even social judgement.
    • Misinformation and suggestibility are potent factors impacting recall accuracy.
    • Factors like anxiety, attention, and time post-event can influence memory reliability, with potentially dramatic implications.

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    Description

    This quiz explores how schemas influence our perception and memory of information in various contexts. Based on key studies, including those by Brewer & Treyens and Bartlett, it examines how expectations shape our recall and recognition of details, particularly in scenarios like crime witness testimonies. Test your understanding of schemas and their effects on memory!

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