Psychology Chapter on Memory and Schemas
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Questions and Answers

What is a schema?

  • A method for organizing physical spaces
  • A type of computer program
  • A complex mathematical formula
  • A connected knowledge set about the world, specific events, people, and actions (correct)

    • Schemas always improve memory recall and never hinder it.

    False (B)

    What was the primary finding in Bartlett's 'War of the Ghosts' study?

    Memory is constructive and influenced by cultural schemas.

    Without a title or activated ________, a text can be difficult to interpret and remember.

    <p>schema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of memory, according to the provided text?

    <p>Always accurate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It's better to do more at a time rather than less when completing a procedure.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 'washing clothes' example, what happens after the procedure is completed?

    <p>The items are reorganized and put back in their place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the concept with its description

    <p>Schema = Connected knowledge set about the world Constructive Memory = Representation based on schemas War of the Ghosts = Study showing culture-specific recall Familiarity Effect = Text becomes easily understood due to an activated schema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a schema?

    <p>To structure prior expectations, highlight the essence, and aid memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scripts describe aspects of the world, like buildings and objects.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key challenge in interpreting the initial text without a title or activated schema?

    <p>It is difficult to interpret the text, highlight the essence, and remember the steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frames describe aspects of the world or objects and their ______.

    <p>characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common type of everyday situation might a script represent?

    <p>A restaurant dinner. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Schemas = Prior expectations structuring, highlighting essence, and aiding memory. Scripts = Typical sequence of events and their consequences. Frames = Aspects of the world or objects and their characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Structured information and 'empty values' do not limit interpretation and memory.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after completing a procedure with a set of items, according to the provided text?

    <p>The items are reorganized and returned to their place.If they are used again, the cycle repeats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a theory of semantic memory?

    <p>Schemas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm demonstrates that encoding context does not affect later memory recall.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the models of semantic networks, what is a key feature of the Collins & Loftus model?

    <p>Spreading activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory of forgetting that proposes memories fade over time is the ______ hypothesis.

    <p>trace decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'labeling effect', as studied by Carmichael (1932), demonstrate regarding encoding context?

    <p>The way information is labeled during encoding affects later memory recall. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of interference with their correct description:

    <p>Proactive Interference = Old information interferes with the recall of new information Retroactive Interference = New information interferes with the recall of old information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repetition-induced inhibition (RIF) refers to scenarios where people intentionally forget certain information.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the models of semantic networks, What does the concept of cognitive economy refer to in the Collins & Quillian model?

    <p>The principle that properties are only stored at the highest possible level in the hierarchy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the main idea of the provided text?

    <p>Human memory distortions are a result of resource constraints and are explained by a generative model adapted to the environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study suggests that traditional lossy compression algorithms result in the same types of distortions as seen in human memory experiments.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What field can be used to formalise the constraints on memory?

    <p>normative framework of lossy compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The semantic compression framework can provide a unifying explanation of a wide variety of __________ phenomena.

    <p>memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following datasets were used in the study to demonstrate the effects of semantic compression?

    <p>Chess games, natural text, and hand-drawn sketches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human memory performs exceptionally well in all everyday tasks.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions according to the text:

    <p>Resource constraints = Limitations on memory that result in a loss of information Generative model = A model adapted to the environment for compression Semantic compression = A framework providing explanation for memory phenomena Memory distortions = Systematic errors in recall that have been associated to limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of memory effect, besides the effects of domain expertise and delayed recall, that are accounted for by the described semantic compression model.

    <p>gist-based distortions and contextual effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an intentional forgetting paradigm?

    <p>Directed Forgetting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Think/No-Think task, participants are instructed to either recall or actively suppress memories.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary deficit seen in Anterograde amnesia?

    <p>deficit in forming new memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In retrograde amnesia, there is typically a ______, with recent memories being more impaired than remote memories.

    <p>temporal gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of amnesia with its primary characteristic:

    <p>Retrograde Amnesia = Loss of previously acquired memories Anterograde Amnesia = Difficulty forming new memories With Temporal Gradient = More impact on recent memories than remote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the alternative memory taxonomy, which of these is a basic processing mode?

    <p>Rapid vs. Slow encoding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    K.C. was observed to have an intact retrograde memory for episodic events.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amnesia did patient H.M. have?

    <p>Anterograde amnesia with temporal gradient retrograde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm example, which of the following items are considered critical elements?

    <p>spaceship, phone, tourist bus/coach, beach ball (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chess expert study, reconstruction accuracy was higher for random chess board configurations compared to actual game configurations.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the 'learned' and 'novel' items in the DRM paradigm example?

    <p>Learned items were those presented in a previous study, while novel items were presented for the first time in the current study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chess expert study suggests that expertise helps create a generative model to encode either game or random boards into a _______ representation.

    <p>latent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Figure 1, what do green frames indicate in the chess board reconstructions?

    <p>Correctly reconstructed pieces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The QuickDraw data set of eyeglasses represents clear and unambiguous images.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chess study, what type of domain knowledge is relevant for the memorization task?

    <p>Chess expertise, which allows for encoding the game configurations in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of memory study with its focus:

    <p>DRM paradigm = False memories, intrusion errors Chess study = Expertise, schema effects Quickdraw eyeglasses = Ambiguous images, schema effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Knowledge, Memory, and Forgetting

    • Semantic Memory Theories: Schemas (Bartlett), scripts (Schank), semantic networks, prototype/exemplar theory.
    • Role of Knowledge in Memory: Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, encoding context effects (e.g., labeling effect), expert knowledge effects, rule learning.
    • Healthy Forms of Forgetting: Trace decay hypothesis, interference theory (proactive & retroactive), consolidation disorders (classic & multiple trace theories), memory inhibition phenomena (intentional forgetting, retrieval-induced forgetting).

    Knowledge Representation

    • Mental Representations: Knowledge is stored and retrievable, and is used to organize or model complex situational knowledge.
    • Mental Representations: Representations are often sketchy and general.

    Models of Semantic Networks

    • Collins & Quillian (1969): Hierarchical organization of knowledge, basic principle of cognitive economy.
    • Collins & Loftus (1975): Spreading activation, semantic distance impacts activation.

    Schema

    • Sir Frederic Bartlett: Connected knowledge sets, organizational frameworks for knowledge that may also limit memory organization.
    • War of the Ghosts Study: Demonstrates culture-specific memory effects (omissions, reformulations) showcasing memory as constructive.

    What is it About?

    • Procedure Overview (translated): Organise items into groups (single pile is possible). Retrieve important items. Avoid overdoing it. Smaller tasks are better. Complication can occur. Reorganise items in place, repeat steps if required.

    The Big Washing of Clothes

    • Procedure Overview (translated): Organise items into groups then retrieve important items. Avoid overdoing it. Smaller tasks are better. Complication can occur. Reorganise items in place, repeat steps if required.

    Scripts and Frames

    • Roger C. Schank: Scripts are schemas that describe sequences of events; frames describe aspects of the world or objects and their characteristics.
    • **Models:**Structured information and "empty values" are inherent in these models, which guide and limit interpretation and memory based on the structured knowledge.

    The Effect of Knowledge Representations on Our Memory

    • Demonstration of DRM Paradigm: Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm demonstration on memory.

    Forgetting

    • Philosophical Question: Does forgetting even exist?
    • Accessibility vs. Availability: Retrieval is different from simply having stored information.
    • Diary Studies: Successful retrieval alongside cues (what, where, with whom).
    • Case Studies: Case studies of forgetting (e.g., case of S).

    Forgetting Curve

    • Ebbinghaus (1885/1913): A plot of forgetting over time, showing initial rapid loss followed by a slower decline.

    What is Behind Forgetting?

    • Trace Decay Hypothesis: Memory trace fades over time.
    • Interference Theory: Similar memories compete during retrieval – proactive interference (old memories interfering), retroactive interference (new interfering).
    • Consolidation Disorders: Problems in the process of storing memories in permanent storage.
    • Memory Inhibition Phenomena: Active suppression of memories.

    Decay of Memory Trace

    • Example Research: Study using STM Brown-Peterson task demonstrating time's effect on memory trace.

    Interference

    • Proactive Interference: Earlier memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories.
    • Retroactive Interference: Newer memories disrupt the retrieval of older memories.

    Forgetting Consolidation Deficit

    • Standard Consolidation Model: Memory transfer from hippocampus to cortex.
    • Multiple Trace Theory: Separate memories stored in different brain locations.

    Forgetting as an Active, Effortful Process

    • Bjork & Retrieval Inhibition: Irrelevant memory elements are actively suppressed, which limits access.

    Inhibition Based Experimental Paradigms

    • Intentional Forgetting: Directed forgetting (DF), think/no-think tasks (inhibition response).
    • Retrieval Induced Forgetting (RIF): Retrieval practice leads to forgetting other related information.

    Directed Forgetting

    • Bjork et al. (1968, 1970, 1996): "Remember" vs. "Forget" instructions on memory lists.

    Think/No-Think Task

    • Sullivan et al. (2019): "Think" tasks vs. "No-Think" tasks where you're trained to not think certain things.

    Retrieval Induced Forgetting

    • Retrieval Practice Paradigm: Studying retrieval practice using category-exemplar pairs to explore retrieval induced forgetting.

    Amnesia

    • Retrograde Amnesia: Deficit in memories acquired before the injury.
    • Anterograde Amnesia: Deficit in storing new memories.
    • Temporal Gradient: Retrograde amnesia often exhibits a strong temporal gradient, with more recent memories more susceptible to loss.

    Amnesias

    • Taxonomy of Amnesias: Different types of amnesia (organic, psychogenic, transient, permanent, etc.).

    H.M. and K.C.

    • H.M. Amnesic syndrome, anterograde amnesia with temporal gradient retrograde.
    • K.C. Anterograde amnesia with extensive retrograde amnesia for episodic memories while semantic memory was retained.

    Alternative Memory Taxonomy

    • Processing Modes: Rapid vs. Slow encoding, associative vs. single-item encoding, flexible (compositional) vs rigid (unitized).
    • Brain Areas: Hippocampus, neocortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum.

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    Knowledge, Memory, and Forgetting Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of memory concepts and schemas based on psychological theories, including Bartlett's studies. This quiz covers the roles and functions of schemas, scripts, and frames in memory recall. Enhance your knowledge of how structured information impacts interpretation and memory.

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