Scalp, Face, Parotid and Temporal Region
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Questions and Answers

Which layer of the scalp contains sweat and sebaceous glands?

  • Aponeurotic layers
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscles
  • Skin (correct)

    • What is the composition of the tissue between the skin and the aponeurotic layers of the scalp?

  • Cartilaginous tissue
  • Elastic connective tissue
  • Dense collagenous connective tissue (correct)
  • Adipose tissue

    • Which structure in the scalp tends to hold cut vessels open, resulting in profuse bleeding when the scalp is cut?

  • Dense connective tissue surrounding the vessels (correct)
  • Cartilaginous tissue
  • Muscles
  • Aponeurotic layers

    • Which muscle is responsible for gently closing the eyelid and wrinkling the forehead?

    <p>Palpebral portion of the Orbicularis oculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle compresses and dilates nasal apertures?

    <p>Nasalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary venous drainage of the face?

    <p>Facial Vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the temporal region of the face and scalp?

    <p>Superficial Temporal Artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the parotid nodes drain?

    <p>Drain the lateral part of the face and eyelids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of muscles control the mouth and are all innervated by the Facial nerve?

    <p>Muscles of Facial Expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential route for infection to spread to the cranial vault, as per the text?

    <p>Danger Area of the Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Bell's or Facial Palsy?

    <p>Unilateral paralysis of the facial muscles resulting in facial asymmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Facial Artery supply?

    <p>The entire face and scalp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Superficial Temporal Vein drain into?

    <p>The retromandibular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the occipitofrontalis muscle?

    <p>Temporal branches of the facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the parotid gland with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the parotid duct open into the mouth?

    <p>Opposite the 2nd upper maxillary molar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves supply cutaneous innervation to the face?

    <p>(V1), (V2), and (V3) divisions of the trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the parotid gland?

    <p>(V3) Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the parotid gland and acts as a cushion to protect it from external trauma?

    <p>Parotid capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gland is the parotid gland?

    <p>Exocrine gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the lobules in the parotid gland composed of?

    <p>Acini and ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which structure do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers destined for the parotid gland pass?

    <p>Otic ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drains lymph from the parotid gland and the head and neck region?

    <p>Lymphatic vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the scalp is the periosteum over the external surface of the skull where the fibrous tissue knits into the sutures?

    <p>Pericranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each scalp layer to its description/function

    <p>Loose Connective Tissue = A sponge-like layer that forms a subaponeurotic compartment that enables free movement of the top three scalp layers across the pericranium. It also contains the emissary veins. Infections tend to localize and spread through here. Skin = Contains sweat and sebaceous glands and usually numerous hair follicles Aponeurosis = This fascia is specialized to form a tendinous epicranial aponeurosis known as the galea aponeurotica. The superficial musculoaponeurotic system of the scalp consists of the occipitofrontalis muscle and its investing fascia. Connective Tissue = The tissue between the skin and the aponeurotic layers is composed of dense collagenous connective tissue and contains the arteries, veins and nerves supplying the scalp. When the scalp is cut it tends to hold cut vessels open, resulting in profuse bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a function of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

    <p>Smirking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What innervates the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

    <p>Temporal branched of the facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aponeurotic tendon that connects the anterior frontal belly and the posterior occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

    <p>Galea aponeurotica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major sources of innervation for the scalp?

    <p>Cranial nerves/ Cervical nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each nerve to the portion of the scalp it innervates

    <p>Anterior (Cranial Nerves) = Supratrochlear nerve Posterior (Cervical Nerves) = Third occipital nerve Anterior (Cranial Nerves) = Zygomaticotemporal nerve Posterior (Cervical Nerves) = Great auricular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each boundary of the parotid region to its appropriate structure

    <p>Anterior = Masseter muscle Posterior = Sternocleidomastoid Superior = Zygomatic arch Inferior = Mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does not pass through the parotid gland?

    <p>Trigeminal nerve (V)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parotid duct passes from the posterior edge of the gland.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do preganglionic parasympathetics destined for the parotid gland exit the brain?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do postsynaptic parasympathetic axons "hitchhike" on to reach the parotid gland?

    <p>Auriculotemporal branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves is not a branch of the Ophthalmic division (V1)?

    <p>Infraorbital nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a branch of the Maxillary division (V2)?

    <p>Buccal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves are not branches of the Mandibular division (V3)?

    <p>Nasociliary nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each muscle of the mouth to its action

    <p>Orbicularis oris = Closes lips; protrudes lips Buccinator = Presses the cheek against teeth; compresses distended cheeks Zygomaticus major = Draws the corner of the mouth upward and laterally Zygomaticus minor = Draws the upper lip upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each facial muscle to its action

    <p>Levator labii superioris = Elevates upper lip; some talented individuals are able to use this muscle to evert their upper lip like chimpanzees Risorius = Retracts angle of mouth (i.e., widens mouth) such as in grinning, expressions of mirth, pleasure, or joy Levator anguli oris = Elevates angle of mouth Depressor anguli oris = Depresses angle of mouth (frowning)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each muscle to its action

    <p>Depressor labii inferioris = Depresses (e.g, displeasure, disgust) and everts (pouts) lower lip Mentalis = Assists in protrusion of lower lip Platysma = Tenses skin of the neck; draws the corners of the mouth inferiorly (sadness, frowning) assists in depressing mandible N/A = N/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a test for facial nerve function?

    <p>Smirking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each to its drainage destination

    <p>Submental Nodes = Submandibular nodes Submandibular Nodes = Deep cervical nodes Parotid Nodes = Deep cervical nodes/parotid nodes (anterior and lateral scalp) Posterior Scalp = Occipital nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each to the part(s) of the body it drains

    <p>Submental Nodes = Drain lower lip, chin, and tip of tongue Submandibular Nodes = Drain upper lip, lateral part of lower lip, side of tongue, chin, nose and nasal fossae, cheeks, gums, lower surface of palate, and sublingual and submandibular glands Parotid Nodes = Drain lateral part of the face and eyelids Occipital Nodes = Posterior Scalp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each node to its location

    <p>Submental Nodes = Mylohyoid muscle between the anterior bellies of the Digastric muscles (i.e., under the chin) Submandibular Nodes = Along the inferior border of the submandibular gland Parotid Nodes = Parotid gland Occipital Nodes = Superior nuchal line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The superficial musculoaponeurotic system of the scalp consists of the occipitofrontalis muscle and its investing fascia, which forms a tendinous epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica).
    • The occipitofrontalis muscle, part of the aponeurotic layer, moves the scalp, wrinkles the forehead, and raises the eyebrows. It is innervated by temporal branches of the facial nerve and the posterior auricular branch.
    • The sensory innervation of the scalp is from cranial nerves (V) or cervical nerves (C2, C3) depending on the location. Branches of the trigeminal nerve supply the scalp anterior to the ears and the vertex of the head.
    • The parotid region is the largest of the three paired salivary glands and is located superficial to the masseter muscles. The parotid duct passes from the anterior edge of the gland and opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the 2nd upper maxillary molar.
    • The parotid gland receives nerve supply from the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the branches of the external carotid artery.
    • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate from the inferior salivatory nucleus and leave the brain in the glossopharyngeal nerve, they terminate in the otic ganglion, and the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers join the auriculotemporal nerve to reach the parotid gland.
    • Cutaneous innervation to the face is supplied by all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve: the ophthalmic division (V1), maxillary division (V2), and mandibular division (V3).
    • The occipitofrontalis muscle is part of the first three layers of the scalp, the aponeurotic layer, and is firmly attached to the skin by the dense connective tissue of the second layer.
    • The pericranium is the periosteum over the external surface of the skull where the fibrous tissue knits into the sutures.
    • The loose connective tissue under the galea aponeurotica forms a subaponeurotic compartment and contains the emissary veins. Infections tend to localize and spread through the loose connective tissue.
    • The parotid gland lies in the parotid region, superficial to the masseter muscles, and is the largest of the three paired salivary glands. It is innervated by the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the branches of the external carotid artery.
    • The parotid duct passes from the anterior edge of the gland and opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the 2nd upper maxillary molar.
    • The parotid gland receives nerve supply from the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the branches of the external carotid artery.
    • The facial nerve and its branches and the retromandibular vein and its tributaries pass through the parotid gland.
    • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate from the inferior salivatory nucleus and leave the brain in the glossopharyngeal nerve, they terminate in the otic ganglion, and the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers join the auriculotemporal nerve to reach the parotid gland.
    • Cutaneous innervation to the face is supplied by all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve: the ophthalmic division (V1), maxillary division (V2), and mandibular division (V3).
    • The parotid gland is a major salivary gland that produces serous saliva, which helps in the digestion and lubrication of food in the mouth. It is located in the parotid region, which is bound by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid posteriorly, the masseter muscle and the mandibular ramus anteriorly, and the zygomatic arch superiorly.
    • The parotid duct passes from the anterior edge of the gland and opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the 2nd upper maxillary molar.
    • The facial nerve and its branches, the retromandibular vein and its tributaries, the external carotid artery and its branches, and the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers destined for the parotid gland pass through the parotid gland.
    • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate from the inferior salivatory nucleus and leave the brain in the glossopharyngeal nerve, they terminate in the otic ganglion, and the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers join the auriculotemporal nerve to reach the parotid gland.
    • The parotid gland is innervated by the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the branches of the external carotid artery.
    • The parotid gland receives sensory innervation from branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical nerves, depending on the location.
    • The parotid gland is surrounded by the connective tissue called the parotid capsule, which is a thick fibrous sheath that covers the gland.
    • The parotid gland is surrounded by fat, which acts as a cushion and protects the gland from external trauma.
    • The parotid gland contains lobules, which are the functional units of the gland. Each lobule contains acini, which produce saliva, and ducts that transport the saliva to the parotid duct.
    • The parotid gland is surrounded by lymphatic vessels, which help in the drainage of lymph from the gland and the head and neck region.
    • The parotid gland is a bilobed gland, with the larger lobule located anteriorly and the smaller lobule located posteriorly.
    • The parotid gland is an endocrine gland, which produces and secretes hormones, in addition to saliva. These hormones include parotid hormone and prostaglandins.
    • The parotid gland is a major salivary gland that plays a crucial role in the digestion and lubrication of food in the mouth. It is located in the parotid region, which is a complex structure that contains various nerves, arteries, and veins. The parotid gland is surrounded by the connective tissue called the parotid capsule, which helps protect the gland from external trauma, and is surrounded by fat. The gland is innervated by the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the branches of the external carotid artery, and receives sensory innervation from branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical nerves, depending on the location. The parotid gland contains lobules, which are the functional units of the gland, and is surrounded by lymphatic vessels, which help in the drainage of lymph from the gland and the head and neck region. The parotid gland is a bilobed gland, with the larger lobule located anteriorly and the smaller lobule located posteriorly. The parotid gland is an endocrine gland, which produces and secretes hormones, in addition to saliva. These hormones include parotid hormone and prostaglandins. The parotid gland is the largest of the three paired salivary glands and is essential for the normal functioning of the oral cavity.

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    Face, Scalp & Parotid Region PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the layers of the scalp, lymphatic drainage from the face and scalp, cutaneous innervation of the face, muscles of facial expression and their innervation, superficial temporal artery, facial artery and its major branches, and tributaries of the internal jugular system of veins to the face.

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