Scalp, Face, Parotid and Temporal Region

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Questions and Answers

Which layer of the scalp contains sweat and sebaceous glands?

Skin

What is the composition of the tissue between the skin and the aponeurotic layers of the scalp?

Dense collagenous connective tissue

Which structure in the scalp tends to hold cut vessels open, resulting in profuse bleeding when the scalp is cut?

Dense connective tissue surrounding the vessels

Which muscle is responsible for gently closing the eyelid and wrinkling the forehead?

Palpebral portion of the Orbicularis oculi Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle compresses and dilates nasal apertures?

Nasalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary venous drainage of the face?

Facial Vein Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies the temporal region of the face and scalp?

Superficial Temporal Artery Signup and view all the answers

What do the parotid nodes drain?

Drain the lateral part of the face and eyelids Signup and view all the answers

Which group of muscles control the mouth and are all innervated by the Facial nerve?

Muscles of Facial Expression Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential route for infection to spread to the cranial vault, as per the text?

Danger Area of the Face Signup and view all the answers

What is Bell's or Facial Palsy?

Unilateral paralysis of the facial muscles resulting in facial asymmetry Signup and view all the answers

What does the Facial Artery supply?

The entire face and scalp Signup and view all the answers

What does the Superficial Temporal Vein drain into?

The retromandibular vein Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the occipitofrontalis muscle?

Temporal branches of the facial nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the parotid gland with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

Glossopharyngeal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Where does the parotid duct open into the mouth?

Opposite the 2nd upper maxillary molar Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves supply cutaneous innervation to the face?

(V1), (V2), and (V3) divisions of the trigeminal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the parotid gland?

(V3) Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds the parotid gland and acts as a cushion to protect it from external trauma?

Parotid capsule Signup and view all the answers

What type of gland is the parotid gland?

Exocrine gland Signup and view all the answers

What are the lobules in the parotid gland composed of?

Acini and ducts Signup and view all the answers

Through which structure do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers destined for the parotid gland pass?

Otic ganglion Signup and view all the answers

What drains lymph from the parotid gland and the head and neck region?

Lymphatic vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the scalp is the periosteum over the external surface of the skull where the fibrous tissue knits into the sutures?

Pericranium Signup and view all the answers

Match each scalp layer to its description/function

Loose Connective Tissue = A sponge-like layer that forms a subaponeurotic compartment that enables free movement of the top three scalp layers across the pericranium. It also contains the emissary veins. Infections tend to localize and spread through here. Skin = Contains sweat and sebaceous glands and usually numerous hair follicles Aponeurosis = This fascia is specialized to form a tendinous epicranial aponeurosis known as the galea aponeurotica. The superficial musculoaponeurotic system of the scalp consists of the occipitofrontalis muscle and its investing fascia. Connective Tissue = The tissue between the skin and the aponeurotic layers is composed of dense collagenous connective tissue and contains the arteries, veins and nerves supplying the scalp. When the scalp is cut it tends to hold cut vessels open, resulting in profuse bleeding. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

Smirking Signup and view all the answers

What innervates the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

Temporal branched of the facial nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the aponeurotic tendon that connects the anterior frontal belly and the posterior occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

Galea aponeurotica Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major sources of innervation for the scalp?

Cranial nerves/ Cervical nerves Signup and view all the answers

Match each nerve to the portion of the scalp it innervates

Anterior (Cranial Nerves) = Supratrochlear nerve Posterior (Cervical Nerves) = Third occipital nerve Anterior (Cranial Nerves) = Zygomaticotemporal nerve Posterior (Cervical Nerves) = Great auricular nerve Signup and view all the answers

Match each boundary of the parotid region to its appropriate structure

Anterior = Masseter muscle Posterior = Sternocleidomastoid Superior = Zygomatic arch Inferior = Mandible Signup and view all the answers

What does not pass through the parotid gland?

Trigeminal nerve (V) Signup and view all the answers

The parotid duct passes from the posterior edge of the gland.

False Signup and view all the answers

Where do preganglionic parasympathetics destined for the parotid gland exit the brain?

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Signup and view all the answers

What do postsynaptic parasympathetic axons "hitchhike" on to reach the parotid gland?

Auriculotemporal branch Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves is not a branch of the Ophthalmic division (V1)?

Infraorbital nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a branch of the Maxillary division (V2)?

Buccal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves are not branches of the Mandibular division (V3)?

Nasociliary nerve Signup and view all the answers

Match each muscle of the mouth to its action

Orbicularis oris = Closes lips; protrudes lips Buccinator = Presses the cheek against teeth; compresses distended cheeks Zygomaticus major = Draws the corner of the mouth upward and laterally Zygomaticus minor = Draws the upper lip upward Signup and view all the answers

Match each facial muscle to its action

Levator labii superioris = Elevates upper lip; some talented individuals are able to use this muscle to evert their upper lip like chimpanzees Risorius = Retracts angle of mouth (i.e., widens mouth) such as in grinning, expressions of mirth, pleasure, or joy Levator anguli oris = Elevates angle of mouth Depressor anguli oris = Depresses angle of mouth (frowning) Signup and view all the answers

Match each muscle to its action

Depressor labii inferioris = Depresses (e.g, displeasure, disgust) and everts (pouts) lower lip Mentalis = Assists in protrusion of lower lip Platysma = Tenses skin of the neck; draws the corners of the mouth inferiorly (sadness, frowning) assists in depressing mandible N/A = N/A Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a test for facial nerve function?

Smirking Signup and view all the answers

Match each to its drainage destination

Submental Nodes = Submandibular nodes Submandibular Nodes = Deep cervical nodes Parotid Nodes = Deep cervical nodes/parotid nodes (anterior and lateral scalp) Posterior Scalp = Occipital nodes Signup and view all the answers

Match each to the part(s) of the body it drains

Submental Nodes = Drain lower lip, chin, and tip of tongue Submandibular Nodes = Drain upper lip, lateral part of lower lip, side of tongue, chin, nose and nasal fossae, cheeks, gums, lower surface of palate, and sublingual and submandibular glands Parotid Nodes = Drain lateral part of the face and eyelids Occipital Nodes = Posterior Scalp Signup and view all the answers

Match each node to its location

Submental Nodes = Mylohyoid muscle between the anterior bellies of the Digastric muscles (i.e., under the chin) Submandibular Nodes = Along the inferior border of the submandibular gland Parotid Nodes = Parotid gland Occipital Nodes = Superior nuchal line Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The superficial musculoaponeurotic system of the scalp consists of the occipitofrontalis muscle and its investing fascia, which forms a tendinous epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica).
The occipitofrontalis muscle, part of the aponeurotic layer, moves the scalp, wrinkles the forehead, and raises the eyebrows. It is innervated by temporal branches of the facial nerve and the posterior auricular branch.
The sensory innervation of the scalp is from cranial nerves (V) or cervical nerves (C2, C3) depending on the location. Branches of the trigeminal nerve supply the scalp anterior to the ears and the vertex of the head.
The parotid region is the largest of the three paired salivary glands and is located superficial to the masseter muscles. The parotid duct passes from the anterior edge of the gland and opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the 2nd upper maxillary molar.
The parotid gland receives nerve supply from the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the branches of the external carotid artery.
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate from the inferior salivatory nucleus and leave the brain in the glossopharyngeal nerve, they terminate in the otic ganglion, and the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers join the auriculotemporal nerve to reach the parotid gland.
Cutaneous innervation to the face is supplied by all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve: the ophthalmic division (V1), maxillary division (V2), and mandibular division (V3).
The occipitofrontalis muscle is part of the first three layers of the scalp, the aponeurotic layer, and is firmly attached to the skin by the dense connective tissue of the second layer.
The pericranium is the periosteum over the external surface of the skull where the fibrous tissue knits into the sutures.
The loose connective tissue under the galea aponeurotica forms a subaponeurotic compartment and contains the emissary veins. Infections tend to localize and spread through the loose connective tissue.
The parotid gland lies in the parotid region, superficial to the masseter muscles, and is the largest of the three paired salivary glands. It is innervated by the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the branches of the external carotid artery.
The parotid duct passes from the anterior edge of the gland and opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the 2nd upper maxillary molar.
The parotid gland receives nerve supply from the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the branches of the external carotid artery.
The facial nerve and its branches and the retromandibular vein and its tributaries pass through the parotid gland.
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate from the inferior salivatory nucleus and leave the brain in the glossopharyngeal nerve, they terminate in the otic ganglion, and the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers join the auriculotemporal nerve to reach the parotid gland.
Cutaneous innervation to the face is supplied by all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve: the ophthalmic division (V1), maxillary division (V2), and mandibular division (V3).
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland that produces serous saliva, which helps in the digestion and lubrication of food in the mouth. It is located in the parotid region, which is bound by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid posteriorly, the masseter muscle and the mandibular ramus anteriorly, and the zygomatic arch superiorly.
The parotid duct passes from the anterior edge of the gland and opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the 2nd upper maxillary molar.
The facial nerve and its branches, the retromandibular vein and its tributaries, the external carotid artery and its branches, and the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers destined for the parotid gland pass through the parotid gland.
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate from the inferior salivatory nucleus and leave the brain in the glossopharyngeal nerve, they terminate in the otic ganglion, and the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers join the auriculotemporal nerve to reach the parotid gland.
The parotid gland is innervated by the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the branches of the external carotid artery.
The parotid gland receives sensory innervation from branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical nerves, depending on the location.
The parotid gland is surrounded by the connective tissue called the parotid capsule, which is a thick fibrous sheath that covers the gland.
The parotid gland is surrounded by fat, which acts as a cushion and protects the gland from external trauma.
The parotid gland contains lobules, which are the functional units of the gland. Each lobule contains acini, which produce saliva, and ducts that transport the saliva to the parotid duct.
The parotid gland is surrounded by lymphatic vessels, which help in the drainage of lymph from the gland and the head and neck region.
The parotid gland is a bilobed gland, with the larger lobule located anteriorly and the smaller lobule located posteriorly.
The parotid gland is an endocrine gland, which produces and secretes hormones, in addition to saliva. These hormones include parotid hormone and prostaglandins.
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland that plays a crucial role in the digestion and lubrication of food in the mouth. It is located in the parotid region, which is a complex structure that contains various nerves, arteries, and veins. The parotid gland is surrounded by the connective tissue called the parotid capsule, which helps protect the gland from external trauma, and is surrounded by fat. The gland is innervated by the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the branches of the external carotid artery, and receives sensory innervation from branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical nerves, depending on the location. The parotid gland contains lobules, which are the functional units of the gland, and is surrounded by lymphatic vessels, which help in the drainage of lymph from the gland and the head and neck region. The parotid gland is a bilobed gland, with the larger lobule located anteriorly and the smaller lobule located posteriorly. The parotid gland is an endocrine gland, which produces and secretes hormones, in addition to saliva. These hormones include parotid hormone and prostaglandins. The parotid gland is the largest of the three paired salivary glands and is essential for the normal functioning of the oral cavity.

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Scalp, Face, Parotid and Temporal Region

Questions and Answers

Which layer of the scalp contains sweat and sebaceous glands?

What is the composition of the tissue between the skin and the aponeurotic layers of the scalp?

Which structure in the scalp tends to hold cut vessels open, resulting in profuse bleeding when the scalp is cut?

Which muscle is responsible for gently closing the eyelid and wrinkling the forehead?

Which muscle compresses and dilates nasal apertures?

What is the primary venous drainage of the face?

Which artery supplies the temporal region of the face and scalp?

What do the parotid nodes drain?

Which group of muscles control the mouth and are all innervated by the Facial nerve?

What is the potential route for infection to spread to the cranial vault, as per the text?

What is Bell's or Facial Palsy?

What does the Facial Artery supply?

What does the Superficial Temporal Vein drain into?

Which nerve innervates the occipitofrontalis muscle?

Which nerve supplies the parotid gland with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

Where does the parotid duct open into the mouth?

Which cranial nerves supply cutaneous innervation to the face?

Which nerve innervates the parotid gland?

What surrounds the parotid gland and acts as a cushion to protect it from external trauma?

What type of gland is the parotid gland?

What are the lobules in the parotid gland composed of?

Through which structure do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers destined for the parotid gland pass?

What drains lymph from the parotid gland and the head and neck region?

Which layer of the scalp is the periosteum over the external surface of the skull where the fibrous tissue knits into the sutures?

Match each scalp layer to its description/function

What is NOT a function of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

What innervates the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

What is the aponeurotic tendon that connects the anterior frontal belly and the posterior occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

What are the two major sources of innervation for the scalp?

Match each nerve to the portion of the scalp it innervates

Match each boundary of the parotid region to its appropriate structure

What does not pass through the parotid gland?

The parotid duct passes from the posterior edge of the gland.

Where do preganglionic parasympathetics destined for the parotid gland exit the brain?

What do postsynaptic parasympathetic axons "hitchhike" on to reach the parotid gland?

Which of the following nerves is not a branch of the Ophthalmic division (V1)?

Which of the following is not a branch of the Maxillary division (V2)?

Which of the following nerves are not branches of the Mandibular division (V3)?

Match each muscle of the mouth to its action

Match each facial muscle to its action

Match each muscle to its action

Which of the following is not a test for facial nerve function?

Match each to its drainage destination

Match each to the part(s) of the body it drains

Match each node to its location

Study Notes

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